This chapter reports the effective indirect GHG2 emissions strategies. To achieve this aim, the practices of 18 airlines from five regions were investigated. The data used in this chapter was the secondary published data in the annual sustainability reports. The data was retrieved from GRI (Global Reporting Initiatives) website. The special tailored data analysis techniques were used for this purpose. This chapter reported eight effective strategic patterns. The strategic patterns were four energy saving+ patterns, two sustainable energy+ patterns, one replacing facilities pattern, and one accreditation+ pattern. This chapter helps decision makers and academics alike, since the impact of effective actions on reducing the indirect GHG2 emissions of each pattern were reported.
TopIntroduction
The energy conservation output and the emissions reduction of airports buildings are not sufficient and should be expanded in the future (Jun & Jie, 2018). The percentage of reduction in the energy used by airlines is on average 1.9% and the reduction in the indirect emissions was on average -0.7% (Migdadi, 2018). Accordingly, the aviation industry will be more responsible about making more actions to reduce the negative environmental impact. All stakeholders must make a genuine commitment to transform the transport system (UN-Secretary-General-High-Level Advisory Group on Sustainable Transportation, 2015). In this regard, the airlines should take more effective actions to reduce the indirect GHG2 emissions. The actions taken by airlines are diverse and numerous, but the focus should be on the most effective actions to be adopted.
The most of previous studies have investigated the green actions that will reduce the indirect GHG2 emissions in the airports (e.g. Ortega Alba & Manana, 2016; Sukumaran & Suhakar, 2017; Baxter, Srisaeng & Wild, 2018a,b; Xu & Deng, 2018; Baxter, Srisaeng & Wild, 2019). The limited studies that investigated the indirect GHG2 emissions have reported the general strategy patterns adopted by the airlines. So, reporting the effective practices of indirect GHG2 emissions was a part of the general scope of some studies (e.g. Migdadi, 2018, 2019 & 2020). This chapter bridged the gap of previous studies by reporting in-depth the effective green operations strategies in reducing the indirect GHG2 emissions. This chapter reported the practices of many airlines in different regions and developed strategic patterns. This chapter adopted the benchmarking methodology in making comparison and reporting the most effective patterns. Accordingly, the main question of this chapter was: what were the most effective green strategic patterns adopted by airlines to reduce the indirect GHG2 emissions? To answer the question the following objectives were realized:
- 1.
Ranking the airlines according to its indirect GHG2 emissions performance.
- 2.
Identifying the effective indirect GHG2 emissions strategic patterns that adopted by airlines.
- 3.
Identifying the significant green actions taken by the effective strategic patterns.
- 4.
Identifying the impact of significant green actions on reducing the indirect GHG2 emissions.
This chapter is arranged in five sections: the first one is the literature review, followed by the methodology and methods, then, the results of the empirical study, next, the discussion, and the final section is the conclusions.
TopAirline Indirect Ghg2 Emissions
GHG emissions as discussed in the previous chapter could be classified into direct and indirect emissions. The direct emissions are the emissions from the jet fuels and the ground support activities. However, the indirect GHG emissions are a consequence of the particular company (airline) activities, but occur at sources owned or controlled by another company. The indirect emissions could be classified into GHG2 and GHG3 emissions. GHG2 emissions, or what is called scope 2 emissions, are the emissions from the purchased and consumed heat, electricity or steam (Sotos, 2015). It is the metric tons of indirect CO2 emissions of electricity, power and heat from the direct billing of owned or leased facilities (Migdadi, 2018, 2019, 2020).