The special-needs individuals have their own literary system called Braille for printing, reading, and writing since 1824 that assist them in easily connecting with each other. Because of the isolated education system, formally called the heterogeneous education system, they faced a lot of problems and challenges from society. Artificial intelligence tools and techniques play a vital role in mitigating communication gap between blind/visually impaired individuals and non-blind people. Thus, this chapter focuses on reviewing artificial intelligence techniques to understand Braille for normal people associated with visual imperative individuals. It is found that natural language processing (NLP) helps in translating native language into Braille. Machine learning and artificial neural network algorithms help in translating by matching the equivalent pattern of Braille. The concept of finite automata is used with natural language processing to recognize and convert the Braille pattern equivalent to their native language pattern and vice versa.
TopIntroduction
The history of Braille literacy is very old. In 1824, Louis Braille (1809–1852), a French inventor who went blind from an accident when he was three, introduced the braille literacy system of printing and writing for the blind or visually impaired. Individuals who are blind or visually impaired are global members of every society's community, and they communicate with other blind or visually impaired people using braille. As communication is a way of expressing or sharing information by means of speaking or writing in some specific medium, braille is the best way of communicating between blind individuals. Braille is used all over the world as a language for blind or visually impaired individuals to communicate. Globally, there are separate schools for blind or visually impaired individuals where they learn braille. However, they face a few problems and challenges, as do other people who are related to or close to blind or visually impaired individuals. In any nation, people communicate in their own native language, like Urdu, English, etc., which is entirely different from braille literacy which is used by blind or visually impaired individuals of their nation. Therefore, there is a need to introduce a technology-based intelligent system that can translate native languages into their equivalent braille and vice versa. The Artificial Intelligence (AI) based approach of Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the best approach for the process of translating native language into its equivalent braille.
Natural Language Generation is essentially a translator that converts computerised data into native language representation. It mostly involves the planning and realisation of texts and sentences. To understand and analyse human language by mining the data from content using the concepts of syntax, relations, and semantic parts of language, NLP helps in the smooth translation of human languages more accurately and with grammatical correction in the results using finite automata. This is substantially supportive when trying to communicate with someone in another language, like Braille. Therefore, this chapter will review artificial intelligence techniques to understand the Braille Literary.