The recent rapid development of biotelemetry technologies has made it possible to continuously observe the underwater behavior of salmon in open water. Homing migratory behaviors were studied using anadromous chum salmon from the Bering Sea to Hokkaido and lacustrine sockeye salmon and masu salmon in Lake Toya. Biotelemetry results on the migratory behavior of adult chum salmon in a reconstructed reach of the Shibetsu River; the investigation of cardiac arrest during gamete release in chum salmon; the comparison of the swimming ability and upstream-migration behavior of chum salmon and masu salmon in Hokkaido, Japan; and the analysis of site fidelity and habitat use in Formosan landlocked salmon during the typhoon season in the Chichiawan stream, Taiwan were also performed. This chapter describes the homing migration of anadromous chum salmon from the Bering Sea to Hokkaido, Japan; the homing migration of lacustrine sockeye salmon and masu salmon in Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan; and biotelemetry research on various behaviors in salmon.
TopIntroduction
The recent rapid development of biotelemetry technologies, such as ultrasonic and radio telemetry, data logging, and pop-up satellite telemetry, has made it possible to continuously observe the underwater behavior of salmon in open water (Cooke et al., 2004; Ueda, 2004; Hussey et al., 2015). In particular, ultrasonic transmitters that emit pulsed signals have been useful for investigating the migratory behavior of salmon in coastal seas (Quinn & Groot, 1984; Quinn et al., 1989) and the central Bering Sea (Ogura & Ishida, 1994). In addition, some ultrasonic tracking experiments have been conducted with sensory ablation treatments. The behavior of anosmic Atlantic salmon was studied using ultrasonic tracking in a fjord and demonstrated the olfactory discrimination of fine-scale hydrographic features (Døving et al., 1985). The effects of visual and olfactory ablation on the swimming behavior of adult chum salmon were examined using ultrasonic tracking along the Okhotsk coast of Hokkaido, Japan, and this study reported vertical and horizontal zigzag movements in both types of ablated fish (Yano & Nakamura, 1992). Ultrasonic telemetry techniques were developed to investigate the magnetic sense of maturing chum salmon in the western North Pacific Ocean, and there were no significant differences in horizontal and vertical movements or in swimming speeds observed between the magnetically disturbed fish and the control fish (Yano et al., 1996). However, magnetoreceptor cells have been identified in the nasal cavity of rainbow trout (Walker et al., 1997), and empirical evidence of geomagnetic imprinting has been reported for Chinook salmon (Brancis & Anderson, 2012), pink salmon and sockeye salmon (Putman et al., 2013). Recently, the Earth’s magnetic forces were studied during chum salmon homing migration from the Bering Sea to Japan using magnetic archival tags that can record the magnetic force; the reported results demonstrated that the homing migration route approximately followed the isoline of magnetic intensity (Azumaya et al., 2016). Recently, magnetoreception in fish was reviewed by Formicki et al. (2019).
Figure 1. Seasonal migration model of Japanese chum salmon estimated by genetic stock identification. Modified from Urawa (2004).