Emergence of Advanced Manufacturing Techniques for Engineered Polymeric Systems in Cancer Treatment

Introduction

Cancers are uncontrolled cell division and the spreading of abnormal cells; which leads to globally incidences as a second most common reason of deaths (Pottoo et al 2021a). The report suggested at least 1.8 million new cases and 0.6 million deaths by the end of 2020 year with cancers, only in the United States alone (Siegel et al 2020). Clinical choices for the selection of treatment modalities and therapies such as radiation, surgery, immunotherapy and chemotherapy in management of cancers, are mainly determined by the types and stages of cancers, presence of different biomarkers levels, as well as physiological status of patients (Christofi et al 2019). However, among all, roles of anti-cancer drugs based interventions in therapeutical management are slightly dominating because of in comparison to normal cells, these drugs exhibit relatively higher specificity and cytotoxicity towards cancerous cells (Bharti et al 2021). However, the convention chemotherapies have lots of drawbacks for their therapeutic uses like severe side effects, low bioavailability, drug resistance, non-specific biodistribution (Nurgali et al 2018). While, although drugs used in conventional treatments offers significant extent of protection and efficacy against cancers but owing to their associated challenges which minimizing therapeutic values and efficacy, are always a critical concern for clinicians so they prefer to explore novel techniques, tools and alternative therapeutics for the same (Pottoo et al 2021b).

Subsequently, in order to efficiently manage any disease clinically, researchers always emphasis upon emerging evidences and efforts made towards understanding both pathology and mechanisms as a very important aspect, including in cancer as well (Waziri et al 2021). CNS acting drugs anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs are facing additional barriers because of either organ specific characteristics such as Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) (Pottoo et al 2019b). or disease based change in the pathological changes such BBTB (Blood Brain Tumor Barrier), however immunotherapy based targeted delivery approaches showing significant impacts and relevancy to address such challenges (Pottoo et al 2021c; Abu-Izneid et al 2020). Here, selection of different materials, which are being exploited in drug delivery systems, are based on their pharmaceutical and pharmacological properties; hence these may bear significant advantages and attracted researchers with their promising roles in delivering loaded drugs (Wong et al 2020). Furthermore, approaches are towards exploiting various advantages and benefits of nanotechnology approached manufacturing of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) to improve the final performances with high level of safety indexes (Javed et al 2020a). Such emerging roles for high potential of nanotechnology approached DDS (drug delivery systems) in various diseases, including cancers, are being attributed due to unique potential of such carriers to deliver such drugs at targeted site of actions, high concentration in targeted cells, low deposition of drug at non-pathological sites, high drug clearance, modulation of physiological properties in microenvironment, control drug release with reduction in dose requirements (Pottoo et al 2020a). Briefly, similar to other inflammatory disorders such as IBD (inflammatory bowel diseases), epilepsy, and Parkinson’s; in cancer too different inflammatory signaling and proteins are involved as a major cause of degeneration of cells as well as progression of disease states (Pandey et al 2020; Pottoo et al 2019a). Additionally, novel carriers include favoring binding of drugs at specific site in protein as well as other interfering in existing pathologically significant biochemical signals, which offers promising in targeted treatments and tissue engineering steps (Aslam et al 2021). These nanoparticles are being made in a way which favor easily passing of carriers within targeted cells as well as enhanced retention of accumulated loads; such phenomena is also called enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects, and one of the most exploited approaches in DDS (Javed et al 2018). These characteristics features are bear some special significance in all metabolic and inflammatory disorders, however very critical especially in case of cancers (Mishra et al 2019; Sharma et al 2019).