Internet of things (IoT) is essential for a variety of applications, including healthcare, industrial automation, agriculture, transportation, and disaster response. Due to the emergence of energy-limited wireless sensor nodes in medical applications, it is necessary to find an energy-sensitive protocol to provide accurate information for monitoring, prevent diseases and save people's lives. Internet led IoT uses unique technologies of smart sensors, sensor networks, data analysis, computing models, simple connections, and systems to provide essential services. However, they know that effort sensitive and specialized methods are needed to solve emerging problems. Therefore, this section presents the different types and models of information about energy aware protocols used in emerging fields. Among them, healthcare is one of the most promising areas of IoT. Healthcare needs to be improved with greater scalability and cheaper solutions. Focusing on disease prevention and early detection is the main goal of the IoT-enabled medical system.
Top1. Introduction
Energy-Aware Routing Protocol (ERP) is a query-based method that routes packets over a network, considering energy and distance. The following is a list of distinct characteristics or features to be aware of:
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Mobility isn't always necessary in every situation.
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Performance is impacted by the density factor, although the degree of impact varies depending on the application domain.
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Sensor network power factors and limitations are stricter than those for ad hoc wireless networks.
A method of transmitting information from sensors to base stations and vice versa is called routing. The following features make wireless sensor networking a challenging problem.
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First is that, due to the high density of sensor nodes, global addressing mechanisms are not appropriate for sensor networks.
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The second issue is data redundancy because sensor nodes in the same area are producing data at the same time.
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Finally, there are numerous energy, storage, and processing limits on sensor nodes, necessitating efficient resource management.
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Fourth, there are several applications for sensor networks.
As a result, routing protocols cannot be fixed because different applications demand different network architectural specifications. Numerous routing methods developed for wireless sensor networks were taking into account in the aforementioned problems. Routing protocols, which are certainly dependent on the network structure, can be generically categorized as flat routing and hierarchical routing. It has been found that flat routing methods are not suitable for networks of a considerable size. There are many benefits of using hierarchical routing rather than flat routing methods (Khang & Hahanov et al., 2022).
The act of clustering involves assembling groups of sensor nodes. There is a node that serves as the cluster head in each cluster. Data collection and effective communication with base stations are the responsibility of the board. Clustering provides features such as scalability, improved fault tolerance, better connectivity, reduced latency, and longer lifetime. (Navdeep et. al (2016))
As a result, clustering is the most often used method for supporting WSN scalability. A routing protocol created for usage in mobile ad hoc networks is called Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP). This protocol creates a distributed division of the ad hoc network's nodes into a number of overlapping or disconnected clusters. For the purpose of keeping track of cluster membership, a cluster head is chosen for each cluster (Khang & Ragimova et al., 2022).
A tremendous number of sensor hubs make up a remote sensor arrangement. The sensor nodes have the ability to sense, compute, and communicate wirelessly. (Akyildiz I.F et. al (2002)).These widely dispersed sensor nodes in the field must gather data and transfer it to the base station. Since the sensor nodes run on batteries, energy is a crucial factor that must be considered. Although there are countless uses for WSNs, one key restriction that must be taken into account is restricted battery power (Satyam Gupta et. al (2015). WSN faces a number of issues that need to be resolved.
Node deployment is a crucial component that can be carried out manually or randomly since, as was already mentioned, WSN is made up of a lot of sensor nodes.