One of the new and difficult study fields in the contemporary environment is the idea of smart cities. The cities are bordered by woods, farmland, or open spaces where fires might break out, endangering human lives and wiping out many resources. This chapter uses the idea of sensor networks and UAV technology to develop an early fire detection system that will help eliminate fire incidents. The suggested design uses sensors to track environmental factors and uses sensors and IoT applications to analyze the data. The suggested fire detection system combines cloud computing, UAVs, and wireless sensor technologies. The suggested fire detection system additionally incorporates certain image processing methods to more accurately and efficiently identify the fire occurrence. Rules are also developed in order to increase the genuine detection rate. The suggested fire detection system's simulation results are contrasted with those of several current techniques.
Top1. Introduction
The idea of smart cities is now receiving a lot of interest in the scientific community. This article aims to protect cities from natural disasters like forest fires. The development of a forest fire monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and image processing is the main contribution to this effort. With IoT devices, environmental factors are monitored in real-time, and the data is analysed for identifying events. Using image processing methods, the discovered event is further confirmed. The major goal of smart cities is in improving the urban environment for living via the use of ICT, IoT, WSN (Liang, L. L., et al. 2023), and various associated computer automation. Further, IT-enabled infrastructure may be used to control and monitor city activities including transit, monitoring, resource scheduling, etc. Moreover, it is presumable that smart cities raise human living standards while efficiently using resources. Several nations now operate a smart city pilot programme that depends on converting existing cities into smart ones using smart technology in order to improve the environment and daily life. Information and Communications Technology, Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Network, are all used by smart technology to create intelligent applications.
A smart city may effectively control its infrastructure and resources to make daily life favourable. In “smart cities,” all data is recorded in real-time, and it is utilised for both ongoing estimating and adjusting learning settings. Smart city is made up of sensor internetworks and Internet of Things (IoT)-dependent approaches, including smart buildings, pollution estimation systems, smart traffic systems, smart water systems, public surveillance systems, and smart grid tracking, among many others.
A forest may function in the ecosystem as a haven for creatures like amphibians, birds, reptiles, etc. An approximate 35% of the land is enclosed with trees. Plantations and other organic processes may be used to extend the forest. Yet, a forest fire denotes a natural occurrence that alters the forest environment and causes deforestation. It has been noted that people may sometimes be to blame for the rising temperature. As a result, since it takes a lot of time and money, monitoring the forest is one of the difficult responsibilities. Across the globe, forest fires pose a danger to smart cities, the environment, the economy, the infrastructure, wildlife, and human life. Forest fire incidences have sharply risen recently in India. According to a report, there were 15,937 forest fire (Ozkan, O., et al. 2023) events in 2015, whereas there were 24,817 in 2016. Thus, within a year, the rate of fire growth Table 1 lists the fundamental specifications for a forest fire detection approach.
Table 1. Requirements, specification, reason
| Requirements | Specification | Reason |
| Prompt detection | Early detection | Early detection of fires and notification of the management system |
| 24-hour monitoring, low cost, and little human involvement | The day/night detection system | Must be able to operate automatically at any time. |
| Maximum Protection | Spectrum of Detection | Using fewer sensors to cover a bigger area and saving energy in the process |
| Cost-effective | Notification | Alert message sent through emails and SMS worldwide Portable |
| Portable | Energy Usefulness | Using less energy will prolong the life of the system. |