Swedish-Russian Relations
Swedish-Russian relations, going as far back as the 12th and 13th centuries with the documentation of the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars, can hardly be described as peaceful. Until the early 19th century, the two countries were engaged in several wars, each attempting to gain hegemony over the Baltic Sea (Etzold & Haukkala, 2011; Hagström, Frisell, & Oldberg, 2009). A policy of neutrality has been in place since the 1800s for Sweden that enabled the country to disengage in the two world wars and through the Cold War. The socio-political relationship between the two countries, however, have remained uneasy due to several contributing incidents punctuated in time involving espionage affairs, a stranding of a Soviet submarine in Swedish waters in the early 1980s, and of the recent Russian Federation annexation of Crimea in 2014 (Si, 2016; Hagström, Frisell, & Oldberg, 2009; Silberstein, 2008). The year 2016 recorded the lowest Swedish confidence in Swedish-Russian relations since the submarine incident of the early 1980s and the two countries seem to be struggling for common ground perspective on Crimea (Sydsvenskan, 2017; Lund, 2016).
Set within the current context of the political climate between Sweden and Russia are 400 Swedish companies that operate in Russia. The total value of Swedish-Russian trade was recorded to have increased by eleven times between 1998-2011. In 2013, Russia was Sweden’s 13th largest export market and 7th largest import market, the main trading goods being automobiles, equipment for the telecommunications industry, chemicals, and raw materials including crude oil from Russia to Sweden (SwedenAbroad, 2017). As of 2016, Russia is Sweden’s 15th largest export market and 13th largest import market (SCB, 2016).