Genetic Determinants of Parkinson's Disease: SNCA and LRRK2 in Focus

1. Introduction

Parkinson's disease (PD), a habitual and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, has long complexed the medical community with its multifaceted and enigmatic nature. It imposes a heavy burden not only on the individualities directly affected but also on their families and caregivers. As a result of its intricate clinical donation and the variability in disease progression, PD has defied a simple characterization, making it one of the most challenging mystifications in contemporary medicine (Mihael H., et al. 1997). While the exact etiology of PD remains incompletely understood, there is growing agreement that heritable and molecular factors play a vital part in the disease's pathogenesis, offering precious perceptivity into its underpinning mechanisms, progression, and implicit treatment avenues. The hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the grim and picky loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra, a region of the brain responsible for motor control. This neuronal loss precipitates a cascade of symptoms, including bradykinesia, earthquake, inflexibility, and postural instability. These motor symptoms, collectively known as parkinsonism, are constantly accompanied by a range ofnon-motor features, analogous as cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, autonomic dysfunction, and sleep disturbances, further complicating the clinical picture . Despite significant advances in our understanding of the disease, Parkinson's remains a clinical opinion grounded on its characteristic motor instantiations. individual certainty frequently requires times of clinical observation, and by the time cases admit a definitive opinion, a substantial proportion of their dopaminergic neurons may have formerly been lost. As we continue to explore the inheritable and molecular angles of this disease, the thing isn't only to unravel its complexity but also to enable earlier opinion and to discover new avenues for intervention. The multifactorial nature of Parkinson's disease suggests that both inheritable predilection and environmental factors are involved in its onset and progression. Still, this paper primarily focuses on the inheritable and molecular aspects of PD, feting their abecedarian places in shaping the disease geography.