Chapter 7 explores a list of global health organizations. The list includes several organizations that track diseases and share information with international health officials. Chapter 7 also explores the different public-private partnerships utilized to support global health security and their functions. The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) was established in 2014 as a multinational initiative between international health organizations, government, and non-government organizations to assist and support nations in meeting global security requirements. The GHSA was created and launched under Obama to ensure that countries were adequately prepared to take effective action against emerging disease threats and that the WHO's IHR core components were not in place in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).
TopGlobal Public Health Intelligence Network (Gphin)
The Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN) was created by Health Canada in 1997 in Vancouver, Canada. GPHIN is a system that monitors and analyzes more than 20,000 online global reports in 9 languages daily. In the event of a risk of an outbreak, the GPHIN alerts the WHO (Merson, 2020). The GPHIN is Canada's “early warning” system on a secure internet-based platform that reports public health dangers in near “real-time” 24 hours a day, seven days a week (Blench, 2007).
The GPHIN is managed by the Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response (CEPR) under the Health Canada system and has a broad reach and access to information on global outbreaks, bioterrorism, exposure to chemicals, infectious diseases, contaminated food and water, exposure to chemicals, or anything that could trigger a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).
Carter (2019) stated that multinational challenges require multinational solutions. The threat of disease migration is a significant threat to global health security. Access to vital health information is essential to preventing the spread of disease and treating the sick (Blench, 2007). The Canadian GPHIN, the American GHSA, and the United Nations World Health Organization's IHR are designed to disseminate critical health information to global health officials so nations can take appropriate protective measures.
Global Public-Private Partner Partnership (GPPP)
A Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is an agreement or contract between a government and a private organization (Sharma & Bindal, 2014). The government will often partner with private organizations for projects when the private sector can complete the project more efficiently, with less cost, the project exceeds the government's scope of expertise, or to conduct research. SpaceX is an example of a PPP. Although the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) can and has designed and built crafts capable of going into space, after retiring the last space shuttle, the US government uses SpaceX, a private company, to shuttle astronauts to the International Space Station.
A Global Public-Private Partnership (GPPP) is an agreement that extends PPP agreements across international lines. GPPPs are robust programs that significantly benefit global healthcare and fall into three categories: Product-Based, Product Development-based, and Issues/Systems-based (Buse & Walt, 2000).
Product Based. The Product Based Health GPPP consists primarily of drug donations. Large companies such as Merck, Pfizer and SmithKline Beecham globally donate millions of doses of vaccines. During the COVID-19 pandemic, companies donated millions of vaccines to nations that could have access to them.
Product Development Based. The Product Development Based Health GPPP is used when there is a societal need for a product, but the free market does not invest in creating it. The development of safe and affordable HIV medications or the result of effective malaria treatments are examples of Product-based Health GPPPs.
Issues / Systems Based. Issues / Systems-Based Health GPPPs are partnerships for new products and innovations in global health care. Recently, during the Ebola and COVID-19 pandemics, the international community collaborated to find solutions and shared resources. It took the collective efforts of all stakeholders to bring Ebola and COVID-19 to a manageable place.