Tourism and the Historical Development of Tourism
According to the Turkish Language Association, tourism; “A trip made with the needs such as resting, seeing and getting to know, is the economic, cultural, technical, etc. taken to attract tourists to a country or a region. measures are all of the work done.'’
The concepts that the sources brought to the literature approach about tourism are as follows:
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For trips to be selected as tourism, they should go to a place outside the travel region.
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It is necessary to benefit from the tourism supply of the travel region.
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It is necessary not to stay in the travel area permanently (Taşdelen, et al., 2020).
Tourism, which has passed from the French word 'tourism' to Turkish, is derived from the word 'tour'. The world tour, on the other hand, is used to mean returning to the same position again. Tourism; can be defined as pleasure, rest, going out for vacation, visiting places that are worth visiting and seeing during the journey, and then returning (Kocaman, 2011).
According to World Tourism Organization (WTO) in 1991; tourism is defined as “the activity of a person who goes to a place outside of his/her usual environment to stay for less than a specified period and whose main purpose is to travel other than to try an activity that makes money in the place he/she visits” (Özgüç, 1996).
The history of tourism is as old as the history of humanity. The beginning of travel begins with the invention of the wheel in 4000 BC. While trade travels were shaped with the invention of money, overseas travels began to be made with the development of sea vehicles. During the time of the Egyptian Empire, new roads were built and travel was made easier. During the Greek Empire, the Olympic Games, during the Roman Empire, gladiatorial fights gathered the traveling masses and for this purpose, accommodation and entertainment centers began to be created. The Greeks had people called 'proxenos', which means today's tour guides, to accompany and assist the masses who came to the city on these occasions. With the emergence of the Renaissance after Anno domini, the purpose of travel was in the form of entertainment, art, curiosity to discover new places, while with the Industrial Revolution, it was shaped as capital owners and material assets. In 1841, an Englishman named Thomas Cook brought a tourist group of 571 people to the festival held in England, and the first tourism movement in the modern sense was realized (Taşdelen et al., 2020).
From ancient times to the present, tourism movements have been carried out for various purposes such as health, religion, entertainment, pleasure and trade. The reasons why people turn to tourism have been shaped according to the conditions they are in and the important turning points in history. For example, in the Middle Ages, the reason for the journeys called the Crusades was religion. While these travels are more organized and massive, today's understanding of travel is different (İçöz, 2014).
Today, the reasons that lead people to tourism movements have diversified. It is possible to list these movements as follows: (Taşdelen et al., 2020).