Fingerprint as one of Biometrics types is widely used in these days. It’s one of the most frequently used biometrics to identify individuals and authenticate their identity. It has been used for the recognition for more than 100 years (Galbally et al., 2018). It’s commonly categorized into three different categories as presented by (Jiangyang et al., 2013) which are rolled, plain and latent fingerprints. The process that obtained in each category is different from the rest. For instance, rolled is achieved by rolling the finger from one side to the other with the purpose of capturing all the ridge particulars. The plain fingerprint is accomplished by pressing the fingertip onto a flat surface. The last category, Latent fingerprints normally lifted from object surfaces that were touched by criminal in the crime scenes.
Biometric System Phases
The literature on biometric phases (Gupta et al, 2020) reported that biometric identification system contains two different fundamental phases. The first phase is enrolment while the second is recognition.
In the first phase, a sensor normally gathers the biometric data from which a set of features are extracted and kept in a database along with the individual’s identity for instance name, identification number, and birthdates. In the second phase, the identity of the person is either confirmed (verification) or determined (identification). This is achieved by collecting the biometric data, extracting the same features and comparing them to the features stored in the database.
From this comparison, similarity score is produced to make a decision to whether the two sets of features came from the same person or not. The following figure 1 shows an overview of a biometric system phases.
Figure 1. Overview of a biometric system
The above figure 1 present an overview of a biometric system phases that consist enrolment and recognition. The process in each phase is clearly defined. Another study documented by (Sabhanayagam et al., 2018) demonstrate that all biometric systems comprises of three fundamental elements as per the followings: -
Enrollment: It is the process of gathering biometric samples from an individual. This person is known as the enrollee, and the succeeding generation of his/her template.
Templates: it can be defined as the data representing the enrollee's biometric.
Fingerprint is significant used method for identification systems which is a unique feature such as ridges and valleys where is ridge is a collection of minutiae points included core points as per discussed and mentioned on Menon, et al (2015) and within fingerprint classes as illustrated on figure 2 there are a common three structures which are Arch, Loop and Whorl
Figure 2. Three Classes of fingerprints