Navigating Political Turbulence: Examining the Interplay Between Corruption, Military Expenditure, and Stability

Introduction

Sub-Saharan Africa, a vast and diverse region situated south of the Sahara Desert, is characterized by a rich tapestry of cultures, varied geographical features, and a complex historical legacy (Akombi et al., 2017). The region has multitude of ethnic groups, languages, and traditions, making it one of the most culturally diverse regions on the planet. The diverse landscapes also impact economic activities, influencing agricultural practices, trade routes, and resource distribution (Serdeczny et al., 2017). The geographical complexity adds layers of challenge and opportunity, shaping the region's political, social, and economic dynamics.

One of the persistent challenges faced by Sub-Saharan Africa is the struggle for political stability. The region has experienced a range of political upheavals, including colonial-era struggles for independence, post-independence political transitions, and, at times, internal conflicts (Abanikanda et al., 2023). These challenges are often rooted in a complex interplay of factors, including historical grievances, ethnic tensions, economic disparities, and governance issues. The diversity within the region adds a layer of complexity to addressing these challenges, as solutions must be context-specific and consider the unique circumstances of each nation and community (Franklin, 2021; Saidi et al., 2023).

The quest for political stability in Sub-Saharan Africa is intricately linked to the continent's economic development. While there have been notable success stories and economic growth in various countries, challenges such as poverty, inequality, and insufficient infrastructure persist (Ngoma, 2022). Political stability is crucial for creating an environment conducive to economic progress, attracting investments, and fostering social development (Kouladoum, 2023). Conversely, political instability can hinder economic growth, disrupt essential services, and impede the realization of the region's vast potential.

In recent decades, Sub-Saharan Africa has also grappled with the impact of globalization, technological advancements, and climate change (Chapman et al., 2022; Suhr & Steinert, 2022). These global forces have added new dimensions to the region's challenges, requiring adaptive and forward-thinking governance strategies. The diverse nature of Sub-Saharan Africa means that these challenges are not uniform across the region; each country faces a unique set of circumstances that necessitate tailored approaches to address political, economic, and social issues (International Monetary Fund, 2022).

Corruption has been a persistent issue across many Sub-Saharan African nations, with ramifications touching every aspect of society (Forson et al., 2016). It manifests in various forms, from bribery and embezzlement to nepotism and patronage networks. The consequences of corruption are far-reaching, impacting economic development, social cohesion, and, crucially, political stability (Pompe & Turkewitz, 2022; Bazie et al., 2023). As citizens witness the misallocation of resources and erosion of trust in public institutions, the fabric of governance is strained, creating an environment ripe for political unrest.

Simultaneously, the region has witnessed substantial government investments in military capabilities. While security concerns are undoubtedly paramount, the extent and allocation of military expenditure raise questions about the priorities of these governments (Asongu & Ndour, 2023). Excessive military spending, often at the expense of critical social and economic sectors, may not only impede development but also foster a climate where authoritarianism and the suppression of dissent become prevalent. As such, the connection between military expenditure and political stability demands a detailed examination to understand its implications fully.