Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to explore sharing, collaboration, and openness in relation to smart cities in response to the state of the privacy construct that is said to be in disarray. A rethinking and innovating of the privacy construct is advanced in this chapter in evolving the ambient privacy framework in support of sharing, collaboration, and openness as critical dimensions of smart cities. The research literature for sharing, collaboration, and openness is explored in this chapter in the context of smart and responsive cities, enabling the identification of issues, controversies, and problems. Using an exploratory case study approach, solutions and recommendations are advanced. This chapter makes a contribution to 1) the research literature for urban sharing, collaboration, and openness in smart and responsive cities; 2) the innovating of privacy for 21st century cities; and 3) urban theory in formulating a conceptual framework for innovating privacy for smarter urbanities.
Top1. Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to explore sharing, collaboration, and openness in relation to smart cities in response to the state of the privacy construct that is said to be in disarray (Solove, 2006). A rethinking and innovating of the privacy construct is advanced in this chapter in evolving and extending the ambient privacy framework (McKenna et al., 2013) in support of sharing, collaboration, and openness as critical dimensions of smart cities. The research literature for sharing, collaboration, and openness is explored in this chapter in the context of smart and responsive cities, enabling the identification of issues, controversies, and problems. Using an exploratory case study approach, solutions and recommendations are advanced. This chapter makes a contribution to: a) the research literature for urban sharing, collaboration, and openness in smart and responsive cities; b) the innovating of privacy for 21st century cities; and c) urban theory through formulation of a conceptual framework for innovating privacy for smarter urbanities.
Objectives: The objective of this chapter is to argue for a rethinking and innovating of the privacy construct in formulation of an ambient privacy framework in support of sharing, collaboration, and openness as critical dimensions of smart cities and by extension, ambient urbanities. As such, the key research question posed in this chapter is – Why is openness important for innovating privacy for urbanities in smart cities?
Top2. Background And Overview
This chapter explores the privacy construct (Solove, 2006) and describes the notion of ambient privacy (McKenna et al., 2013; McKenna, McKnight, and Chauncey, 2014) as a re-formulated understanding of privacy for smart cities. Judge and Powles (2015) pose a series of questions in the form of challenges, such as, “what if we could design objects that utilised the internet in truly smart, differentiated ways, while also communicating their own function?” Ambient privacy is articulated in this chapter in relation to people, infrastructures, and experience, taking into consideration emerging perspectives on privacy such as inverse privacy (Gurevich, Hudis, and Wing, 2016). Crabtree and Mortier (2016) urge that interdisciplinary action be taken in responding to the much-needed changes in privacy associated with emerging digital ecosystems and the Internet of Things (IoT). As such, this chapter calls for a re-thinking of the privacy construct and explores the ambient privacy construct in response to the wicked challenges and complexities posed by ambient data in technology-rich urban environments (McKenna, 2017).
2.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this work, definitions for key terms used in this chapter are presented here based on the research literature.
- •
Ambient Privacy:
McKenna et al. (2014) claim that, “ambient privacy complements and extends privacy” adding that, “it accommodates an interweaving of elements, characteristic of complex interactions in the moment, contributing to the potential for smarter privacy.” McKenna et al. (2014) provide a list of elements characterizing ambient privacy such as: “ad hoc, adaptive, analytics, collaborative, dynamic, fluid, learning, openness, participative, personalized, sharing, social, and trust.”
- •
Inverse Privacy:
Gurevich et al. (2016) suggest that you can “call an item of your personal information inversely private if some party has access to it but you do not.”
- •
Open City Innovation:
Mattsson and Sørensen (2015) claim that the open city innovation concept “suggests a new way of perceiving city renewal with its focus on the discovery and development of unpredictable solutions resulting from interactive, iterative, and reflexive processes” and because of “its complexity” can be thought of as “an extreme type of open innovation.”
Key Terms in this Chapter
Ambient Sharing: Ambient sharing refers to more adaptive, dynamic, cross-sector, and in the moment interactivities.
Ambient Openness: Ambient openness refers to more adaptive, dynamic, cross-sector, and in the moment practices and approaches.
Innovating Privacy: Privacy characterized by the exploration and use of aware technologies in combination with more aware people in adaptive, dynamic, uncertain, and fluid ways.
Ambient Collaboration: Ambient collaboration refers to more adaptive, dynamic, cross-sector, and in the moment forms of working together.
Privacy-Awareness: Privacy enabled by more aware technologies in combination with more aware people in more adaptive, dynamic, uncertain, and fluid environments based on the design of spaces for more continuous choices and actions, in support of an awareness of the contextual and situational.
Ambient Opportunities: Opportunities characterized by adaptive, dynamic, uncertain, and fluid elements or the like.
Ambient Challenges: Adaptive, dynamic, uncertain, and fluid issues, events, circumstances, situations or the like.
Ambient: The increasing presence of aware technologies in and around human activity affecting the nature and experience of awareness, information, economies, literacies, and everything.