Study of Power Distribution System Resilience in the Presence of E-Mobility Ecosystems

1. Introduction

In recent years, the rate and intensity of HILP events, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, wildfires, and other natural or man-made attacks, have intensified worldwide. Table 1 lists the count of distinct natural calamities recorded in 1970 and 2022 (Ritchie et al., 2022). The combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, and livestock farming are exerting growing influence on the earth's climate and temperature. This contributes substantial quantities of greenhouse gases to those that occur naturally in the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect and global warming. The primary cause of climate change is the greenhouse effect, where certain gases in the earth's atmosphere function similarly to the glass panels of a greenhouse. These glasses trap the sun's heat, preventing it from dissipating into space and thereby leading to global warming. The main factor behind the surge in the number of natural calamities is the changing climate (Panteli and Mancarella, 2015a). Natural disaster adversely affects both lives as well as critical infrastructures of society. The power system is among most vital infrastructures. The frequent natural disaster events cause grievous damage to power system infrastructure, resulting in widespread and extended power outages (Panteli et al., 2017). Therefore, to secure the power system from these unpredictable severe events and to keep light on even during and after the event, the power system's resilience comes into relevance. Power system resilience is the ability of the system to withstand disruptive events and recover quickly after the event (Gholami et al., 2018).