Nanomaterials are considered potential materials for the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. The combination of nanomaterials and biological science aids in the creation of innovative medical devices with broad uses. Nanomaterials are thought of as simple, non-intrusive, and affordable chemicals. The magnetic and optical properties of nanomaterials can be combined with their great sensitivity and selectivity towards the target. Nanomaterials are superior and essential in pharmaceutical applications due to their size-dependent characteristics. The biomedical field's understanding of the relationship between microorganisms and nanostructures is rapidly expanding. Nanomaterials are extremely useful in drug delivery because of their characteristics, such as small particle size, high surface area to volume ratios, big drug payloads, etc. The significance of nanoparticles in medicinal applications and regulatory views is covered in this chapter. The use of nanoscale materials in the treatment of infectious disorders is also covered in this chapter.
Top1. Introduction
Hybrid nanomaterials (HNMs) are the materials which possess superior physical and chemical properties of organic and inorganic materials to which in turn help to tune their chemistry through contributing multifunctionality in a single material. Synthesis of hybrid nanomaterial involve 2 or more components that are diverse which include organic (polymers, pharmaceutical, biomolecules, ligands etc.) and inorganic materials (oxides, sulfides, salts, clusters, metals and non-metals and their derivatives) (Byrappa et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2017; Park & Advincula, 2011; Srivastava & Mittal, 2017). There needs to be a progress in the detection, diagnosis and treatment in terms of understanding the fundamental biological process underlying many diseases. Conventional clinical methods, imaging and therapeutic treatments require high dose and results in dangerous side effects. Use of nanoparticles (NPs) in imaging and therapeutic applications has huge potential (Chen et al., 2018). It helps to tune the size, high drug loading, tailorable surface properties, improved pharmacokinetics and stimuli-responsive drug release kinetics.
Nanoscale metal organic frameworks and silica-based nanomaterials are the two main types of hybrid nanomaterials used in biomedical applications (NMOFs). Solid and mesoporous silica nanoparticles are examples of silica-based nanomaterials (Wu et al., 2011). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) have characteristics such increased pore volume, adjustable pore size, and high surface area (Li et al., 2012). It is possible to graft therapeutic NPs onto the silica particle's exterior or integrate them directly into the silica matrix. In a similar vein, hydrophobic or charged substances may be incorporated into NMOFs via non-covalent interactions (Zhou et al., 2017). The most recent developments in the production and uses of HNPs (silica NPs, MOFs, quantum dots, iron oxide NPs, and gold nanoparticles, or GNPs) are outlined in this chapter, with a focus on the biomedical fields of imaging and drug administration (Hasegawa et al., 2005; Hoskins et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2011; Leung et al., 2012; Mukoyoshi & Kitagawa, 2022) (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Types of nanohybrid materials
Top2. Advancement Of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are regarded as the foundation of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanomaterials are used in a variety of fields, including energy production, electronics, biomaterials, medicine, and the environment (Biju et al., 2008). In 1974, Norio Taniguchi was the first to adopt the phrase “nanotechnology”. Nanomaterials are divided into different categories based on their dimensions and morphologies, viz., Zero dimensional, one – dimensional, two – dimensional and three – dimensional nanomaterials.
In the case of zero-dimensional nanomaterials, all the three dimensions are in nanoscale. The unique electronic, optical, magnetic, and catalytic capabilities of quantum dots made of semiconductor metals and non-metals are the result of their particle sizes being decreased in all three dimensions to the nanoscale (Green, 2002). One-dimensional metal oxide nanostructures exhibit special optical features as a result of their anisotropic form (Wu et al., 2014). In nano electronic devices, nanostructures serve as an interconnector for electron mobility. Different metals are used to create nanowires such Co, Au, Cu, and Si. The most recent innovation for dye-sensitive solar cells as anodes is nanowire metal oxides,