Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming a popular alternative to gas-powered cars. These cars need “full” batteries to run. Solar-powered chargers are an exciting alternative to grid-based EV charging. These chargers give electric vehicles pollution-free electricity, which benefits the environment. Solar PV is the most popular renewable energy source. This chapter establishes a solar EV charging station, which charges EVs. Bi-directional batteries store photovoltaic (PV) energy for use during power outages. PV overproduction is transferred to the grid for later use. Cascaded interval type 2 fuzzy logic controller (CIT2FLC) boosts voltage using KY converter to track maximum photovoltaic power. To accomplish grid synchronization, a DC voltage is delivered to a grid-connected 1 phase VSI and optimized using a PI controller. During peak hours, EV gets power from the grid via 1 phase VSI, with the KY converter in buck mode. The suggested work ensures uninterrupted charging. The complete structure was tested using MATLAB Simulink and yielded 94.7% efficiency and 3.9% THD.
Top1. Introduction
The advancement of current millennium in all sectors has abundantly raised the need for energy sources, especially in transportation. Deterioration of air quality, ongoing depletion of fossil fuels, climate crisis and the authoritarian state of global warming has induced the wide acceptance of transportation system that uses renewable energy. The progressive use of renewable energy sources (RES) in manufacturing vehicles offers a sustainable solution to these problems. The development of battery technology and demand for environmentally friendly transport has attracted electric vehicles as a potential form of transportation (Shariff et al., 2019). As a result, manufacturers have prioritized EVs that consume clean, RES instead of fossil fuel consuming vehicles (Harini et al., 2022; Xia et al., 2018). Battery Energy Storage (BES) is an energy storage system that forms a part of current and future vehicle technologies. Although the growth of EVs reduces the use of fossil fuels, due to their nonlinear features and unequal distribution, they strain the utilities and power grid operators as EVs produce harmonic currents and cause problems with power quality (Chen et al., 2020; B. Singh et al., 2019).
Particularly in rural areas, PV technology is a significant renewable energy source. In PV systems, inverters play a dominant role in energy transmission. A PV system requires an inverter to convert a DC power source into usable AC electricity. Due to nonlinearity and output volatility, design of a photovoltaic based inverter is complicated as the interaction between the inverters and the DC grid cause instability in output voltage reference. The power conversion system of a solar photovoltaic system is provided with a DC-DC boost converter for optimizing output voltage regulation. Considering estimates, a rising number of EV's leads to immense charging demands that significantly would exceed the capacity of currently available charging infrastructure (Hannan et al., 2019; Pokharel et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2019). A DC link is created by connecting a bidirectional DC-DC converter between solar PV outputs and grid interfaced converter output, followed by Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPT). Finally, the battery is linked between DC link and. Centralized MPPT systems are more appealing for larger PV plants as it has higher efficiency and is cost effective (Liu et al., 2019; A. Singh et al., 2020).
The primary goal of Grid Integrated PV Battery System is to provide grid with steady electricity and sustainable energy storage in the battery. System reliability, load and power balancing are achieved by charging and discharging battery. Typically, there is significant potential difference between Photovoltaic and DC bus voltage in grid connected or independent PV systems. As the DC voltage needs to be high enough to ensure over modulation in bridge inverters, a transformer is used in a standard stage to raise the voltage to the grid level. Nevertheless, this is challenging in RES without a separate voltage enhancing method, frequently performed by a boost converter (Dutta et al., 2017; Karthikeyan et al., 2019; Saxena et al., 2017). Before the bidirectional converter, the boost converter had a decoupling capacitor connected to lower the power of electrical gadgets (Xu et al., 2019). In the PV system, a standard multi-port converter is utilized. Several criteria must be observed for designing an efficient converter. The topology of multi-port converters is examined using CUK and SEPIC. Nevertheless, dependability is compromised as standard parts serve as single points of failure for the converters as a whole (Chandrasekar et al., 2020). A converter has an output port, a bidirectional port for backup battery and unidirectional ports for PV module's input and output. The converter produces a highly regulated output voltage by wiring RES in series with the battery and utilizing a coupled inductor (Al-Soeidat et al., 2019; Xia et al., 2018; Yamaguchi et al., 2018).The typical Boost DC-DC converter is the most used non-isolated step up DC-DC converter. The converter's complexity is reduced by the presence of a single power switch.