Innovations for an Integrated Approach to the 2030 Agenda: Patent Landscape, One Health, and Sustainable Development Goals

Conceptual Framework

According to the World Health Organization (2020a), the causes of death globally are grouped into three categories: 1. Noncommunicable diseases NCDS (chronic diseases) 2. Communicable diseases CDS (Parasitic and infectious diseases; nutritional, perinatal and maternal conditions) and 3. Injuries. Globally in 2019, 7 of the 10 leading causes of deaths were from NCDS – 80% of the top 10 or 44% of all deaths. Low progress has been observed in control and prevention of premature deaths, when compared with significant advances against the communicable ones (WHO 2020a; WHO, 2020b). According, to the World Health Statistics (2021) from NCDS, premature death is still the leading cause of death global. While key risk factors such as alcohol consumption, tobacco use, physical inactivity, obesity and hypertension required urgent interventions. Mainly in the COVID-19 scenario which is in the rank of the ten top causes of deaths in absolute numbers in 2020 (WHO, 2021a). On the other hand, a CD is one that can spread from person to person depending on the infectious agent or specific disease. Transmitted through the air (tuberculosis), through animals transmitting the disease or bites from insects (mosquito: malaria, Zika), contact with blood (HIV/AIDS), contaminated object/surface, water (cholera/ diarrhea) or food (diarrhea) and touch (Staphylococcus) are some ways in which they are spread by (Alameda County Public Health Departament, 2021). OH’s concept includes (CDC, 2018): 1. Health and well-being: As a broader concept, it is clear that the future of human health does not depend only on medicine, but also on multiple disciplines which must work together, such as public health, environmental studies, social science and biology. Indeed, the interconnections among human, plants, animals and environment must be recognized, to achieve important results on well-being and health through a trans-disciplinary, multisectoral and collaborative approach at local/national/global levels (Brymer, Freeman & Richardson, 2019; One Health Commission, 2021); 2. Food safety and food security: Concerning the production from livestock, it is necessary the biological improvement of all-food-producing species. The increase of biological efficiency requires vaccination to prevent diseases, intervention by therapy and diagnostics or biosecurity’s application to prevent infectious diseases (Fitzpatrick, 2013); 3. Environmental pollution: The most dynamic and, unfortunately, most vaccillating sector of OH is the environment which depends on variable weather patterns (precipitation, humidity and temperature), which influence bacterial ecosystems. Animals, human and environment’s health depends on environmental issues and are affected by its adverse effects (Essack, 2018).