This chapter discusses the available charging systems for electric vehicles (EV) which include battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plugged hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). These architectures are categorized as common DC bus charging (CDCB) station and common AC bus charging (CACB) station. CACB charging stations are generally used as slow chargers or semi-fast chargers (on-board chargers). CDCB charging stations are used as fast chargers (off-board chargers). These chargers are vital to popularize the electric vehicles (EVs) as a green alternative to the internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Further, this chapter covers the power quality problems related to the grid-connected fast charging stations (FCS), AC-DC converter, control strategies for converters, proposed system of architectures, methodology, system results with comparisons, and finally, a conclusion.
Top1 Introduction
Batteries are the most critical component in the xEVs (BEV and PHEV). Batteries need to have high energy density, be cost-effective, safe, and efficient for a wider market penetration. Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries are presently the most popular electrochemical battery structure used in EVs (El Kharbachi et al., 2020)[2]. The car battery is typically about 25-50% of the cost of the total vehicle cost. Bloomberg News Energy Finance predicts that there would be a decrease in the Li-ion battery price by one-fourth to today’s price, and the market is predicted to touch USD 95.3 billion by 2030 (BNEF, n.d.).
Bloomberg NEF also speculates that 1 in 10 vehicles will be an EV by 2025, and there will be a requirement for 12 million public FCS by 2040. These number of FCS need an estimated $ 400 billion in investments on infrastructure. The EV market is projected to rise from USD 146,902.20 Million in 2019 to USD 359,854.56 Million by the end of year 2025. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is expected to be 16.10% in the EV market. Fast charging stations components will also be a major part of this unprecedented development. CHAdeMO 4 charger is predicted to be the highest gainer in this period (Globe Newswire, n.d.).
The number of EVs are growing worldwide. They were expected to increase from 5 hundred thousand in 2012 to 2.2 million globally by year 2019. This growth rate is expected to continue in future years, and therefore FCS development is also required. Table 1 shows the current number of EV charging stations in a few leading countries:
Table 1. Number of Charging Stations (leading EV user countries) as per 2019
| Country | Number of Charging Stations |
| Norway | 7,065 (approx. 400 FCS and semi FCS) |
| Canada | 5,004 (approx. 772 FCS) |
| USA | 78,500 (approx. 11,000 FCS) |
| China | 4,96,000 (approx. 2,00,000 FCS) |
| United Kingdom | 9,200 (approx. 1,600 FCS) |
It has been predicted that AC supply is the source for most of the power required to charge the EV batteries. There are chances that power demand will increase to 300 Twh to charge the expected 140 million EVs by year 2030 (Expansion, challenges, and opportunities in the EV market, n.d.). FCS will emerge as a new load to utility companies This higher amount of power demand will have a negative impact on the power quality indices of the grid.
Battery chargers can be categorized as (a) on-board, and (b) off-board chargers. On-board chargers are having a lower kW rating and weight, while off-board chargers have higher kW rating and are mostly grid-connected. xEV charging needs reliable, fast, and safe charging infrastructure to cope up with the range anxiety of consumers and to meet the charging needs. Fast Chargers can play an important role in making EVs as an alternative for ICE vehicles (Moradewicz, 2019).