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Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is being triggered by the vision of different concepts, such as digital transformation, smart cities, data-intensive policymaking, etc., providing new opportunities for the public sector and societies to solve major problems and issues of everyday life. The new era of Government 3.0 which combines the established ICTs with the use of disruptive ICTs (Pereira et al., 2018), such as artificial intelligence, is trying to develop innovative solutions to create public value and improve citizens' quality of life. Text mining techniques (Loutsaris et al., 2018), Machine Learning Algorithms and Big Data (Alexopoulos et al., 2019) are some of the technologies or trends (Alexopoulos et al., 2019), which can be used either to modernize the previous government services or to develop new and innovative ones. Additionally, users' expectations have risen along with the new capabilities of technology (Lachana et al., 2018) and the ongoing development of new information systems (Bhardwaj & Madhusudhan, 2016).
Furthermore, significant advancements in the ‘legal informatics’ research field are observed since governments have started to promote the development of legal information systems (Casanovas et al., 2016). The legislation of each state is very important to be open and available online in order for every part of society to have free and unhindered access (Fulton, 2011). Financial and legal services of academia and research institutions are constantly dealing with laws and their interpretation. All new and already existing procedures have been designed or will be designed based on the analysis of legal documents. The proposed legal information system has been focused towards this goal since it can extract automatically information from unstructured legal data by using text-mining techniques.
The Legal documents have specific characteristics which differentiate them from the “normal daily-used” documents due to their length and complexity (Nguyen et al., 2011). The complexity of the legislation is identified in the comprehending of the legal terminology, in other words, legal language, in combination with the existence of correlations as references among laws or other kinds of legal documents. There are different types of legislative documents such as laws, presidential decrees and ministerial decisions and every type contains a specific form including specific structural elements (components). Each reference may amend one or even more different laws and, in many cases, an in-depth search of previous years’ laws is required in order to detect which component is in force.
Generally, the legislation network is a multi-relational network that accommodates the hierarchy among the sources of law and represents relationships of various categories among legal documents (Koniaris et al., 2017). The above reference type is called “dynamic reference”. There are also “static references” which affect only a specific law (Winkels, 2015). The complexity of legislative documents is intense when the use of dynamic references is more often than the use of static references.
Also, the use of dynamic references leads to the generation of a large amount of legal information which poses significant barriers in developing proper legal information systems since each country consumes a significant amount of business resources to follow the current legislation and only legal experts are being capable of following the latest legislation (Loutsaris et al., 2018). Although it is clear that tools for mass customization can help to filter, reduce the flood of legal information and make it understandable by businesses and citizens without legal expertise (Loutsaris et al., 2018) there is still not a clear and consistent understanding of the requirements of such a system.