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New developments in mobile industries (such as latest generation smartphones, tablets and related applications) have made the mobile device a powerful platform for engaging consumers. According to Gartner (2013), sales of smart phones had 20.3 percent growth in the last quarter of 2014 and reached 301 million units. Accordingly, 66 percent of phones are smart phones and will reach to 9 out of 10 phones until 2018. Moreover, in 2012, the amount of annual mobile application downloading around the world has reached 64 billion, creating 18 billion dollars’ revenue for developers. This is predicted that the mobile apps downloads will increase to 268.7 billion per year by 2017 (Gartner, 2011). Furthermore, evidence and trends show the increased use of mobile applications, Internet and videos (Wong, 2012; Bohm & Constantine, 2016). However, the results of recent studies on thousands of mobile applications developers around the world reveal that the rate of mobile application failure is very high (Developer Economics, 2014; Hwang, Chan-Olmsted, Nam, & Chang, 2016). The figures illustrate that only 2% of developers in the mobile applications market have 50% of revenues in this market.
The novel research stream of mobile application adoption is attempting to identify factors affecting the acceptance and success of mobile applications (Peng, Chen and Wei Wen, 2014; Flora Wang, & Chande, 2014; Liang Huang, Yeh, & Lin, 2007; Zhou, 2010). This research stream has revealed factors such as poor User Interface design (simple developers), clutter, poor navigation, noncompliance with user needs, security problems, download problems, and inconsistency with various platforms as the main reasons for failing mobile applications (Wong, 2012; Hermansson, 2013; Flora et al., 2014; Dehlinger & Dixon, 2011). Less attempt, however, has been made to identify and categorize the factors affecting the mobile application adoption in different phases of application development. In particular, recent studies argue the potential importance of contextual factors in the adoption of mobile applications (Hermansson, 2013; Wang, Li, Li, & Zhang, 2016; Bohm & Constantine, 2016). This is specially the case with the entertainment category where consumers’ behaviors can be affected by institutional and cultural factors (Rogers, 1995). While previous research on application adoption has partly advanced our understanding of factors influencing the mobile application adoption, most studies have mainly examined the phenomenon from the consumer’s points of view (Taylor & Levin, 2014; Hew, Leong, Ooi, & Chong, 2016), and less consideration has been given to the developers who are an important part of application development (Flora, Wang, & Chande, 2014). Moreover, the identified factors are not mainly related to the whole process of application development, from idea characteristics to the supportive activities after launch, and hence the literature lacks an integrated model considering the entire process. Finally, most studies have been conducted in the context of developed countries (Bohm & Constantine, 2016), and less is known about mobile application adoption in emerging markets such as Iran.