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Top1. Introduction
E-government involves the delivery of information and transactions by public sector organisations via internet to stakeholders including citizens, businesses, other government agencies and employees (Kurfalı, Arifoglu, Tokdemir and Paçin, 2017). Whereas, E-government projects are intrinsically embedded in combinations of organizational changes and political reforms designed to enact, support and drive a profound transformation in the public sector organisations (Cordella and Iannacci, 2010). Over the last decade there has been a lot of discussion in the e-government literature about the management and improvement of e-government systems (Fakhoury and Aubert, 2017; Larsson and Gronlund, 2014; Valdés et al., 2011). As a result, large number of frameworks have been developed and studied for managing transformation and change in e-government from different perspectives. Zhang et al (2005), Norris and Moon (2005) Coursey and Norris (2008) focused on the perceptions of providers of e-service, their adoption of these services and the hurdles that might face the implementation. Mohamed et al (2009), Al-Shafi and Weerakkody (2008 and 2009), Carter and Weerakkody (2008) focused on users’ perceptions and considered alternative options to increase the usage of e-government systems. Moon, Lee and Roh (2012), Zhao (2010) focused on the evaluation of e-government websites. In addition, United Nations (UNDESA, 2005, 2008) used a web measurement model for assessing the performances of e-government of its member countries, whereas, Torres et al. (2005) focused on the quality and usage of e-government systems. Meanwhile, recently, Lee et al. (2008) reported that e-government has been delivered at a high cost with many successes and failures cases. The major problem behind e-government project failure is the gap between the e-government systems design and the reality (Anthopoulos et al., 2016), which embraces a variety of factors including process objectives and values, staffing and skills, management systems and structures (Heeks, 2003; Kumar and Best, 2006; Udo, Bagchi, and Kirs, 2010). Thus, to increase the success rate of e-government projects necessitates many changes in processes, structure of government (Rose and Grant, 2010), motivation, commitment and good management of bridging the gap between ICT and the organization (Welch and Feeny, 2014). Further, while previous research has noted the importance of considering people e.g., public administrators (Anthopoulos et al., 2007) in improving the provision of e-government service, research has indicated that a vast majority of government agencies have an inadequate working knowledge of what drives citizen adoption of e-government services (Norris et al., 2001). Therefore, despite the advances made in the field of e-government at both practical and research levels, what constitutes success in e-government as a whole remain unclear.