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With carbon neutrality targets and the process of global climate governance, the energy sector is undergoing a greener transformation (Lin & Ma, 2022). Global electricity demand has grown by at least 70% in the last 20 years, and this figure is estimated to increase to 170% by 2040 (Wesseh & Lin, 2022). Since the current energy mix still has a high proportion of fossil fuels, fossil energy consumption for power generation purposes is of particular concern. The power sector is responsible for roughly 40% of the total carbon emissions generated by the global energy sector (Jin, Zhou, Li, Bai, & Wen, 2020). Therefore, the general view is that active carbon emission management in the power energy sector will play an important role in addressing environmental change and promoting the development of a green transformation of the power industry(Cui, Li, Song, & Zhu, 2019; González-Carrasco, Robina-Ramírez, Gibaja-Romero, & Sánchez, 2023).
Optimal environmental and economic dispatch is a fundamental issue in managing energy systems that cannot be ignored. Energy systems’ environmental and economic dispatch aims to meet growing energy demands while minimizing total operating costs and emissions to achieve urgent emission reduction targets (Zhu, Ren, Habibi, Mohammed, & Khadimallah, 2022). Driven by various factors such as energy security, carbon peaking, and carbon-neutral targets, renewable energy sources are becoming a larger part of the energy mix, with their proportion increasing and installed capacity expanding rapidly(Y. Zhang, Zhang, & Ng, 2021). Despite their advantages, external environmental factors can affect wind and photovoltaic power generation, leading to instability in their output. As a result, other types of energy are needed to achieve a dynamic balance with the demand load in real-time, which invariably increases IES operation costs. To address the challenges posed by the increasing penetration of wind and PV power into the grid, expenditures on peak regulation, frequency modulation, and energy storage are likely to increase significantly. The challenge of increased operating costs could become a potential barrier to the clean development of future energy systems (Yao, Fan, Zhao, & Ma, 2022).
Integrating carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies into energy systems coupled with conventional fossil energy power plants has the potential to reduce energy system emissions significantly. CCS is recognized as a crucial strategy in addressing climate change while accelerating the clean transition of energy systems. Major technological advances regarding CCS include pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture, and oxygen-enriched combustion capture(Z. Tan, Zeng, & Lin, 2023). Post-combustion capture is the process of capturing CO2 after the fuel has been combusted, primarily by extracting CO2 from the flue gas through chemical solvents. Post-combustion capture is currently the most mature technology and has the most potential for commercial application(Gustafsson, Sadegh-Vaziri, Grönkvist, Levihn, & Sundberg, 2021). Once CO2 is captured, it needs to be compressed and transported by pipeline or other means of transportation to a dedicated location for permanent storage. Carbon storage technologies consist of four main approaches: geological storage (injection into the geological formation), mineral carbonation storage (reaction with minerals to form stable carbonates), terrestrial storage (absorption by biological photosynthesis), and ocean storage (injection into the deep ocean) (Kim, Kim, Kang, & Park, 2016; Zhao et al., 2023).