A New Framework for Politics, Law, and Government in the Digital Era: A Judge-Based Political System

Introduction

From the start of civilization, there were always great powers that ruled this world and that chunk of great powers called the government (N. Bracher, 1994). The work of this group of people is to rule territory and regions according to their administrative law. The territory and regions may be classified into country, state, or province. The in-depth classification of government may be various from Democratic, Parliamentary, Presidential, Federal, or Unitary (T. Herrschel & P. Newman, 2003). The work of governments is to make the laws, collect taxes, and print money. The tax system has existed in every civilization (H. Ishi, 2001). According to R.H Carlson (2005), the earliest known tax records were dated from approximately six thousand years B.C. in the ancient city-state of Lagash in modern-day Iraq. The classification of government is distinguished into five categories (i) Democracy, (ii) Monarchy, (iii) Aristocracy, (iv) Dictatorship, and (v) Oligarchy. Here, we discussed some of the basic definitions of government which is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Classification of Government

• 1.

  Democracy: It is the most common type of government in the Western world. It is an interactive form of government and it must rest on a foundation of trust. If the country follows the democratic procedure then the people of the country have the right to vote during elections, they can elect the representatives who will sit in legislatures such as the Parliament (McCoy, 2020). They have some organizations which have similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed. Many countries follow the democratic system which limits the freedom of choice by the voters. One of the most common ways is to limit which parties can use the parliament, or limit access to mass media. In the 21st century, most powerful countries follow the democratic system (Kurki, 2010).

• 2.

  Monarchy: In this, the government is ruled by the king or queen, and the position is inherited from their ancestors, they are often called the “royal family”. There has been two different types’ monarchies present: (i) absolute monarchies, and (ii) constitutional monarchies. In an absolute monarchy, the ruler has no limits on their wishes or powers. In a constitutional monarchy, a ruler's powers are limited by a document called a constitution. In modern times monarchies still exist in Great Britain, Netherlands, Spain, Japan, France, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand, along with several other countries (Engels, 2001).

• 3.

  Aristocracy: In this, the group of wealthy families will run the government. It is very specific and only a set of peoples and families, or a set of people coming from a particular place will rule the personnel. It is very different then nobility culture where only one or few bloodlines would rule the territories (Asker, 1990).

• 4.

  Dictatorship: In this, all the power is given to the single person to rule the country. The dictatorship is not stopped by any laws, constitutions, or other social and political institutions (Hadžialić, 2017).

• 5.

  Oligarchy: In this, a small group of powerful people creates the government. These peoples spread their power equally (Jeffrey, 2013). It is very different from a true democracy because very few people have been given the chance to change things. Here are, some of the past examples such as the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Apartheid South Africa.