Advancing Submarine Energy Systems: A Comprehensive Overview of Battery Technologies

Abstract

This study examines the evolution, technical specifications, and future potential of submarine battery technologies, highlighting their role in advancing underwater operations. From lead-acid to modern lithium-ion and solid-state batteries, the chapter reviews how energy systems have transformed submarine capabilities in military, commercial, and scientific contexts. Key topics include battery design, safety risks, environmental impacts, and integration into operational frameworks. It explores advancements in energy density, efficiency, and sustainability while addressing challenges in thermal management, recycling, and cost. Emerging technologies such as fuel cells, lithium-sulfur batteries, and AI-supported systems are discussed, contributing to innovative and sustainable energy solutions for future submarine operations.