An Update on the Effect of Natural Products on Oncogenic Transcription Factors in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

An Update on the Effect of Natural Products on Oncogenic Transcription Factors in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Ashwathi Vijayalekha, Prathibha Sivaprakasam, Suresh Kumar Anandasadagopan, Ashok Kumar Kumar Pandurangan, Tamilselvi Alagumuthu
Copyright: © 2022 |Pages: 26
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9258-8.ch001
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Abstract

Breast cancer is the most aggressive and rapidly growing cancer worldwide. It is classified into several subtypes among which triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive. Oncogene regulation leads to increased signal activity in the cells and contributes to the tumorigenic phenotype. Such signals generate a large number of proteins that provoke cell growth and inhibit cell death. Transcription factors, such as miR-27a, NF-κB, and FOXM1, are proteins that are conserved across species, abundantly found in the nucleus, bind to DNA, and enforce specific target genes. Oncogenic transcription factors arising from mutation accompanying aberrant gene expression transfer signals to the nucleus and interrupts transcription patterns and stimulation of oncogenic transcription factors consistent with cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, proliferation, and cell differentiation. This review gives a detailed framework about the treatment opportunities and highlights the importance of few transcription factors which may act as an important biomarker specifically for TNBC.
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Introduction

Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant tumor that occurs in the breast cells. This starts in the breast tissues and travels primarily across the lymphatic system. It is reported mostly in women. BC is a type of cancer in which breast cells proliferate and grow out of control (Corso et al., 2020). The type of BC relies on which breast cells transform into cancer. BC is one of the highly prevalent malignancies and one of the top ten cancers worldwide (Ferlay et al., 2010).

Generally, BC may start in various sections of the breast. The breast consists of three primary parts: lobules, ducts and connective tissue. Lobule, where glands produce milk, ducts are tubes that deliver the milk to the nipple and the connective tissue (which is made up of fibrous and fatty tissue) covers and binds all of this together (Woolas et al., 2020). The majority of BCs begin in the ducts or lobules. BC cells spread outside the breast through blood and lymphatic vessels. If BC progresses to other areas of the body, it is said that it has metastasized (Pandurangan and Mustafa, 2018; To et al., 2020).

Based on recent reports the survival rate of BC is given to be (Lerebours and Lidereau, 2002):

  • •

    Stage 0 – 100%

  • •

    Stage I - 100%

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    Stage II – 93%

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    Stage III – 72%

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    Stage IV - 22%

BC is initially classified into 2 groups - malignant which is non-cancerous and benign which is highly dangerous and cancerous [Miller et al., 2019). Further BC is divided into several types:

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    Invasive Ductal Carcinoma.

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    Invasive Lobular Carcinoma.

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    Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

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    Lobular Carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

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    Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC)

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    Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC)

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    Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)

Breast Cancer Effects

When BC is metastasized, it affects several other regions or organs of the body. Few among the drastic effects of BC which is organ system specific are as follows:

  • i.

    Integumentary (skin) system:

In addition to the breast changes by themselves, BC can also affect the skin around the breast. It might be extremely itchy and could become dry and cracked. Many women often report dimpling of skin over their breasts, which appears like orange peel drops. Breast tissue thickening is also common in BC patients [Waks and Winer, 2019).

  • ii.

    Immune and Excretory Systems:

During the later stages of BC, tumor spreads to the lymph nodes. Arm pits are some of the first areas to be affected. It is because of their close proximity to the breasts. Tumors metastasize through the lymphatic system to the lungs and the liver (Foulkes et al., 2010; Waks and Winer, 2019).

Nervous system:

BC can also spread to the brain eventually acting as the host to various neurological effects, including:

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    blurry or double vision

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    seizures

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    mobility issues

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    memory loss

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    speech difficulties

However, in this review, TNBC, its treatment and the various oncogenic transcription factors related to it are further detailed and discussed. In addition, we listed out few natural agents that target the transcription factor that is dysregulated in TNBC.

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