Turning attention to the five established research paradigms, the first listed is the positivist paradigm. The applicability of the positivist paradigm to education research in the current era may be challenged. It is included here for two reasons. With its ontological underpinning of a discoverable reality, it serves as a conceptual base for distinguishing other paradigms. In addition, for some reported current education research, the structure of the research and the ontology implicit continues to be positivist. In Chapters 1 and 2, we address several post-positivist paradigms; post-positivist in the sense of being adopted as an alternative to the positivist paradigm. One we have labelled “neo-positivist” because it shares something of the ontology of the positivist paradigm—the existence of an ordered reality. It is distinguished from the positivist position by an understanding that reality may be patterned, local and subject to change over time and by a recognition of the limitations of researchers. Research in the neo-positivist paradigm may explore and test existing understandings, which we have labelled the deductive mode, or may seek to fill a gap in present knowledge, which we have labelled the inductive mode. Other paradigms addressed are the interpretivist and transformative. These two paradigms share the ontological understanding that, whatever the reality of the social world, all that is available to us is what we can apprehend within our human limitations. Hence the outcomes of research are evidenced interpretations of the researcher working with the researched. Multiple defensible interpretations of a research subject can be available simultaneously. The transformative paradigm is distinguished by a concern with human rights and social justice and the endeavor to produce an evidenced, socially-constructed understanding with potential to support empowered action. We have included a pragmatic paradigm in our framework as an approach to research unencumbered by ontological or methodological constraints but driven by the need to find a practical solution to a problem. Pragmatic research is often undertaken as a commissioned investigation.