Definition | References |
A positive attitude held by the employee towards the organisation and its values. An engaged employee is aware of business context, and works with colleagues to improve performance within the job for the benefit of the organization. |
Robinson et al. (2004)
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“The extent to which employees commit to something or someone in their organisation, how hard they work and how long they stay as a result of that commitment’. | Corporate Leadership Council, 2004 |
Employee engagement concerns the degree to which individuals make full use of theircognitive, emotional, and physical resources to perform role-related work |
Kahn, 1990; May et al., 2004 |
Defined as emotional and intellectual commitment to the organization or the amount of discretionary effort exhibited by employees in their jobs |
Baumruk, 2004; Richman, 2006; Shaw, 2005; Frank et al., 2004 |
Define engagement as a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind that is characterized by vigour, dedication, and absorption. |
Schaufeli et al. (2002)
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Employee engagement is defined as the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural energy an employee directs toward positive organizational outcomes | Shuck &Wollard(2010) |
Engaged employees are “Psychologically committed to their work, go above and beyond their basic job expectations, and want to play a key role in fulfilling the mission of their organisations’, whilst disengaged employees were said to be ‘uninvolved and unenthusiastic about their jobs and love to tell others how bad things are”. | Blizzard(2004) |
Referred to the concept of engagement in their work related to organisational effectiveness. |
Katz and Kahn (1966)
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“An employee’s drive to use all their ingenuity and resources for the benefit of the company”. | Best Companies, 2009 |
Employee engagement is a positive force that motives and connects employee with their organization, either emotionally, cognitively or physically. |
Wellins and Concelman, (2005)
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Explained it as a state of being positive, manifesting through enthusiastic contributions of intellectual energy, attitudes of optimism and evidence of meaningful relations with others. |
Alfes et al. (2010)
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‘Engaged employees are more likely to advocate the organisation as a place to work and actively promote its products and services’ | Scottish Executive Social Research, (2007) |