Dysbiosis in Microbiome Leading to Colitis-Associated Cancer: Gut Microbiome Correlation With CAC

Dysbiosis in Microbiome Leading to Colitis-Associated Cancer: Gut Microbiome Correlation With CAC

Priyamvada Priyamvada
Copyright: © 2021 |Pages: 28
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-3580-6.ch007
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Abstract

Colitis-associated cancers are a metastatic form of inflammatory bowel disease considered a vital health associated risk factor causing the death of approximately five lacs people every year throughout the world. There are trillions of bacteria that are associated with our gut as a part of our healthy microbiome. The microbiota plays a plethora of important role in determining the normal physiological processes of the cells and, subsequently, the body. The imbalance in microbiome diversity (dysbiosis) due to abnormal dietary habitats, hectic lifestyle, and other factors thus alters the normal physiological processes of the body, thereby causing several chronic diseases. Therefore, it is essential to maintain the homeostasis between the host and their gut microbiome. So, based on the facts mentioned above, this chapter is entirely devoted to providing an overview of colitis-associated cancer and their relation with the dysbiosis of a healthy microbiome. Moreover, the mechanism involved in the development of colorectal cancer and its preventive insights has also been addressed.
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2. Knowing More About Gut Microbiota

Gut microbiota of small intestine shows a dynamic deviation from the microbes present in the colon concerning their affluence and distribution. Small intestine deals with the conversion of lower carbohydrates and also adapting to the overall nutrient available. Whereas, microbiota present in the colon is effectively driven by the breakdown of indigestible complex carbohydrates (Marchesi et al., 2016). Understanding more about the gut microbiota, it is desirable to classify these bacteria according to the phylum where they are placed. Mainly five phyla represent the bacteria present in gut microbiota. It is around 160 spp. in the colon of an individual (Rajilić-Stojanović and de Vos, 2014) which include some gram-negative bacteria as well as some gram-positive bacteria. In the case of gram-negative bacteria, the phylum which has been given the first position is Fusobacteria. These consist of anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacteria Bacteroidetes, these are also distributed fully in GIT. The phylum which has got more than 200 genera is Proteobacteria that includes Salmonella, E. coli, H. pylori etc. (Fierer et al., 2007). Talking about gram-positive bacteria, this includes Actinobacteria (aerobic) and Firmicutes.

Figure 1.

Pie chart depicts the distribution of different phyla. Colonic microbiota includes Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, which are predominant bacteria (57.2% and 32.0%, respectively). Other phyla that are present in the colon are Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria constituting 2.81%, 2.22%, and 2.20%, respectively.

978-1-7998-3580-6.ch007.f01
Data provided by (Wang et al., 2012.)

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