Optimum Design of Grounding Grids Using OCR

Abstract

Grounding of power substations is to provide safety for personnel during normal and fault to ground conditions by limiting step and touch potentials, to dissipate lightning strokes and to stabilize voltage during transient conditions. The important goals of this chapter are to present approaches for the optimum design of ground grid and studying the earth surface potentials and ground potential rise (GPR) of substation grounding in case of uniform and non-uniform soils. The equalization of the current density and then decreasing of GPR is achieved. The compression ratio “CR” of unequally spaced grounding grid conductors as well as particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique are applied for the design of grounding grids of HV substations.