Systems that exist today tell us about their survival. They were the better possible outcome of their evolution in their given setup (environmental, economic, and political setup). Urbanization-led cities grew in diversity. An inclusive approach in planning through public participation, where people involved in planning process and represent their community, is suitable for such diversified planning regions. Participatory approach is a bottom up method where community planning plays a major role in addressing larger goals. Communities are a group of people with certain commonalities living together and hold equal rights to their community. Developments in ICT gave a smart approach to public participation, where people easily exercise their participation in decision making. The chapter addresses how technology is related to process and enables public participation in urban planning procedure. Addressing the case of Indonesia, the chapter explains how developing nations responds to technology interventions in urban planning.
TopIntroduction
Man has built many complex life-supporting systems in response to the nature he is living in. Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2015 states that the Human ecosystem deals with four referential constructs, they are population, technology, organization, and environment. Population and environment are fundamental constructs of an ecosystem. The human ecosystem has greatly evolved when compared to other species on the Earth. His lifestyle is influenced by machines he invented and the technology made these machines evolve, communicate, analyze, and gave artificial intelligence. Technology is another construct of a human ecosystem which explains the fourth dimension of its evolution. Along with time, man has come up with many organized ways to manage his ecosystem. It can be compared to an organization where the people in a given set of environmental context work for their everyday survival and growth. Urban management as an organization explains how human beings managed their communities.
A city is a form of human association working under certain regulations or guidelines for a common purpose to survive or live for the day. As Spriegel explains organization refers to various factors present in a given endeavor, the organizational processes of a city are the management of man-made life-supporting systems that build a city. Man, as a social being, organizational processes, social and political processes define a community. The objective of the chapter is to understand how technology helps people participate in urban planning procedures (Aggarwal, 1989).
Urban Management
Urban transformation is a result of the metabolism of urban resources to provide a better standard of life. Sustainable urban management where, social, economic, and environmental goals of urban society are addressed in a process to manage these urban systems. Organizational and socio-political processes determine how urban management is characterized by a co-management system involving a variety of stakeholders. The critical success factors for an organization's development are people, process, and technology. Bruce Schneier in 1990, developed a framework of an organization in the IT field which explains, how a change is created in an organization or a system when people, processes, and technology balance each other towards an aim. With greater developments in Information technology, Pearson’s model adds, ‘Information’ as the fourth dimension to Schneier's model. The ability to collect real-time data of a system has become a great tool to monitor and manage systems today (ISACA, 2010).
Analyzing urban systems and their management in the lines of an organization, and any attempt to study the critical factors of Pearson’s model is one of the objectives of the study. Organizational processes of an urban system refer to different bodies regulating urban management. Applying Pearson’s organization model to a city, the process refers to the urban planning procedure, people refer to different managing bodies and citizens, technology explains the use of technology in executing planning procedures.