Abstract
As the internet becomes increasingly integrated into everyday life, there is a growing concern on the antecedents that contribute to some of the adverse effects such as internet addiction. Parents are important and influential agents, and their parenting practices may promote or prevent the development of internet-related problems. This chapter provides a review of family factors surrounding child internet addiction such as parental monitoring and parental guidance, parental mediation, internet parenting styles, parental norms and behaviors, parent and child characteristics, family functioning and parent marital conflict, quality of the parent-child and peer relationship and culture as highlighted in previous research. Common limitations on past research on family factors and child internet addiction are noted and future research directions are suggested. Finally, family-based solutions and recommendations to prevent children from developing internet addiction are provided in the light of previous findings.
TopIntroduction
Today, internet has become a widely used tool for network communication with a huge impact on daily life. The Internet is considered to be one of the most popular leisure time activities for children and adolescents all over the world. Moreover, social networking sites have obtained considerable reputation and have become a leading everyday social routine, which may largely increase Internet use (Müller et al., 2016).
Internet use may promote social relationship among people and created advantages like socialization and increasing self-esteem (Mei et al., 2016). However, along with the widespread use of Internet, there is also a growing concern on the antecedents that leads to adverse effects such as internet addiction. Internet addiction prevalence rate in the United States and Europe has been reported as between 1.5% and 8.2% (Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010). In Asia, 10% of the adolescents in Park et al.’s (2008) study have been found to be at high risk for Internet addiction. Internet addiction prevalence rates all around the world have called the researchers to better understand this new behavioral problem.
With an aim to shed light on internet addiction, a plethora of studies have focused primarily on factors that may predispose individuals to Internet addiction. There is a consensus in literature that some personality traits such as social withdrawal, introversion, aggression, narcissism, shyness, low self-esteem and poor self-control are significant predictors of Internet addiction (Bozoglan, 2013; Griffth, 1995; Kim, 2008). Although the role of individual factors and personality in predicting internet addiction have been widely investigated in literature, it is also important to look at the impact of environmental factors, such as family factors. Ariani (2018) discovered that there were correlations between family and internet addiction.
Elements of family life, such as parenting behaviors have a profound effect on the development of children and adolescents (Barker & Hunt, 2004). Family factors and parenting behaviors regarding child internet use is necessary to consider when attempting to understand children with internet addiction due to the central role of the family in the development of children and the important roles of family factors and parental attitudes and behaviors in child behavior (Van den Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, Van Rooij, & Engles, 2010; Yu, 2003). Studies conducted in developed countries reveal that Internet use is mainly home-based. While only 66% of children use Internet at school, 91.2% of primary school children surf on the Internet at home (Lee & Chae, 2007). The wide use of Internet at home also underlines the critical role of parents in providing a controlled and safe Internet use.
Despite the existence of empirical studies on internet addiction, past research has shown that a complete understanding of how children and adolescents develop internet addiction and effective prevention and intervention techniques are limited (Guan & Subrahmanyam, 2009; Willoughby, 2008). This chapter aims to provide an overview of the risk and protection factors for the occurrence of Internet addiction during childhood and adolescence in relation to family context and parenting behaviors. In this context, past research concerning the effect of family factors on internet addiction among children and adolescents have been reviewed and frequently occurring points are explained.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Family Functioning: The capacity of the family system to meet the needs of its members. Members in a functional family work together to improve relationships when they face challenges.
Parenting Style: The strategies parents employ in rearing their child. While authoritative parents set rules and enforce boundaries based on open discussion and reasoning, authoritarian parents demand blind obedience. Permissive parents are reluctant to enforce rules and rarely set rules and boundaries. Parents with a laissez-faire parenting style, on the other hand, are indifferent to the needs of their child.
Marital Conflict: High levels of disagreement arising between the two parties in a marriage.
Parental Guidance: The attempts of parents to establish rules, give advice, offer direction, counseling and protection.
Parental Monitoring: The attempts of parents to supervise and understand the type of the activities their child is involved in. Parents can also monitor with who their children are communicating online.
Parental Mediation: The attempts of parents to manage the relation between children and the media.
Parental Norms: Informal guidelines that govern the behavior of parents.