Abstract
We could not deny that artificial intelligence has had an impact on healthcare. However, it has certain issues. In recent years, civil law and medical ethics have both addressed this issue. The law of liability is necessary when artificial intelligence is applied in healthcare services because it raises the possibility of bad decisions and the issue of who has responsibility for them. The Ethical and Governance Recommendations for AI for Health Systems, released by the World Health Organization, intends to establish ethical guidelines on the deployment of artificial intelligence to address the potential ethical and legal implications of non-discrimination and accountability. Providers of artificial intelligence services must adhere to moral and legal principles that are consistent with international considerations and user protection laws. To build AI ethics, it is necessary to raise accountability and enhance legal and regulatory frameworks.
TopIntroduction
Artificial intelligence (AI) is generally accepted as having started with the invention of robots. The word “robot” spelled “robota” in Czech was introduced into literature by the writer Karel Capek in his 1921 play “R.U.R.” (Possum’s Universal Robots). It signified a factory where biosynthetic machines are used as forced labor (Needham et al., 1971). John McCarthy first referred to artificial intelligence (AI) in 1955 as “the science and engineering of creating intelligent machines.” In the 1950s and 1960s, he had a significant impact on the advancement of artificial intelligence. Dartmouth College, where he and his colleagues held a conference on artificial intelligence in 1956, is credited with founding the field of artificial intelligence. As a result of this conference, a new interdisciplinary field of research emerged. In addition, it served as a foundation for all subsequent computer research and development.
In the middle of the last century, Isaac Asimov immortalized the word “robot” in a collection of short stories of modern science fiction. The first mention of a humanoid automaton, however, can be traced back to the third century in China, when a mechanical engineer, Yan Shi, presented to the Emperor Mu of Zhou a human-shaped figure of mechanical handiwork built with leather, wood, and artificial organs (Needham et al., 1971). The United States Department of defense was soon attracted to the computer's ability to solve complex mathematical problems, and the use of data mining in logistics and medical diagnosis brought about a new golden age after a period of slowdown in the 1980s. Tools were developed with increased computing power.
Today, the literature on AI is abundant and unbridled. AI was portrayed as a possible threat to the world economy during the 2015 economic forum held at Davos, where Stephen Hawking even expressed his fear that AI may one day eliminate humanity (Sharma et al., 2020). The World Economic Forum stated in 2019 that “multi-stakeholder collaboration is required to optimize accountability, transparency, privacy, and impartiality to create trust” as a result of “rapid advances in machine learning increase the scope and scale of AI's deployment across all aspects of daily life” (AI Report, 2020).
In our modern world, artificial intelligence is a branch of engineering that tries to solve complex problems with new concepts and solutions. It is important to note that cybernetics played an important role in the development of artificial intelligence as electronic speed, capacity, and software programming advanced. Artificial intelligence (AI) is clearly gaining ground in medicine and will undoubtedly be a disruptive yet inventive technology. The field of artificial intelligence, which focuses on building intelligent machines, was first recognized in 1956.
While AI in medicine can enhance clinical and research capabilities as well as improving workflow and productivity, in the end, artificial intelligence is just a tool, and how we use it is up to us. There is potential for AI applications to enhance clinical and research practice in medicine and create deeper and more meaningful interactions between clinicians and patients (Currie et al., 2021). The hype around artificial intelligence in medicine obscures the fact that artificial intelligence has been widely used for many years (e.g. quantitative cardiac software packages). Robot design books written by Leonardo da Vinci were instrumental in the development of this technology. There are three separate but interconnected areas within these responsibilities. This legacy has been extended to urological and gynecological complex procedures via robotic-assisted surgery in his honor.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Big Data: Large and complicated data sets that cannot be processed or evaluated using conventional data processing methods are referred to as “big data.” In order to extract insights and value from data, one must employ specialized tools and procedures that can handle its size, diversity, and velocity.
Social Justice: The idea of individualism, which prioritizes personal liberties over the good of the whole, is frequently contrasted with social justice. Individual freedoms and rights, however, are only relevant when they are extended to every member of society, and advancing social justice is necessary to build a society that is genuinely democratic and egalitarian.
Medical Services: Medical services are crucial for preserving and enhancing people's health and well-being as well as for avoiding and treating illnesses. To sustain excellent health and a high standard of living, communities and people need access to high-quality medical care.
Liability: A person or organization is said to be liable if they fail to fulfil their legal duty to make up for harm, loss, or damage they inadvertently cause to another party. It is rooted in the concept of fault, which states that individuals who harm or injure others should be held accountable for their acts. It can be either civil or criminal in character.
Accountability: Is the obligation for people or organizations to accept responsibility for their actions, decisions, and the consequences that follow. Explaining and justifying one's acts as well as accepting the results of those actions, whether they are favorable or unfavorable, are obligations.
Quality of Life: A subjective and multifaceted notion, quality of life refers to an individual's or a community's general well-being. It depends on several things, including a person's physical and mental health, social connections, financial security, and general environment.
Data Protection: The term “data protection” refers to the collection of procedures, guidelines, and tools used to protect private information from illegal access, use, disclosure, or erasure. Data protection aims to safeguard the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of data as well as to stop data breaches, data loss, and data corruption.
Legal Process: The set of procedures and laws used to settle legal disputes and uphold legal rights is referred to as the legal process. It entails a series of procedures intended to guarantee impartiality, justice, and due process in the settlement of legal disputes.