Abstract
This chapter discusses similarities of and differences between the epistemological premises of ANT and German media theory concerning concepts of transmission. The applicability of ANT for media investigations and the compatibility of ANT concepts in media studies have been discussed intensively for several years now. The profound similarities as well as the critical differences in the study of the material conditions of human culture have also stimulated current reconsiderations and reformulations in cultural media studies, as German media theory is most commonly called in Germany. The chapter gives a brief overview of recently published approaches to cultural techniques and intersections of media and techno-philosophy that are increasingly being translated into English and therefore also internationally accessible, alongside with the discussion concerning their compatibility with ANT in respect of cultural transmission.
TopIntroduction
A certain accordance or congruence, affiliations and the mental proximity of Actor-Network Theory and Media Studies or the applicability of ANT in Media Studies have been discussed intensively for several years now not only since Couldry’s influential question and summary: “Actor Network Theory and Media: Do they Connect and on What Terms?” (Couldry, 2008). In Germany, ANT approaches have been discussed, adapted and advanced for media investigations during the last years and have proven themselves to be suitable for detailed and highly original delineations of production, scientific, technological and, in particular media technological developments. Besides approaches to classic media topics like, for example television broadcasting (cf. Wieser, 2013; Teurlings, 2013), film production (cf. Spöhrer, 2013a) or media events (cf. Otto, 2013), the ANT vocabulary has also been tested in shaping the understanding of translational and organizational processes arranged by ‘hybrid objects’ that then come into sight as media due to their facilitating and restricting functions (cf. Ochsner, 2013; Schabacher, 2013; Spöhrer, 2013b). At the same time, the multi-faceted theoretical and epistemological intersections and distinctions of ANT and media studies are still discussed controversially (cf. Engell & Siegert & Vogl, 2008; Kneer & Schroer & Schüttpelz, 2008; Linz, 2009; Seier, 2009; Engell, 2010; Cuntz, 2013; Seier, 2013; Thielmann, 2013).
The recent coinage of an “Akteur-Medien-Theorie“ (Thielmann & Schüttpelz, 2013, translates: Actor-Media Theory) 1, which has by now acquired the status of an entry in a prominent basic media studies handbook (Thielmann & Schröter, 2014), represents an attempt of merging ANT and media theory that specifically takes into account approaches from the heuristically so called ‘German Media Theory’ (cf. Peters, 2008). To define ‘German Media Theory’, a collective term for certain media approaches in between philology, aesthetics and techno-philosophy, that are still continuously evolving, might be as hard as a consistent definition of Actor-Network Theory (for the same reasons), yet it is possible to outline common traits of ANT and ‘German Media Theory’ on an institutional and theoretical level. The next section therefore sketches main similarities as well as new impulses in German Media Theory that were engendered by their intersection, which was called “one of the most interesting conjunctures” of media theory during the last years (Engell & Siegert, 2013b, trans. VP). Yet, the following section also makes an effort to display main distinctions concerning the concept of transmission in heterogeneous fields. Especially the metaphoric implications of a central concept in ANT, the “chain”, is more closely examined and compared to the understanding of mediality discussed in approaches of German Media Theory.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Technological Condition: term by Erich Hörl; a shift from investigations of the technological object to its operative functioning and the assumption of ontological priority of technicity to relations of human and technology.
Modulation: Term by Gilbert Simondon describing the influence of different system states on each other, acting as stimulator or field susceptible for stimulation.
German Media Theory: In German, kulturwissenschaftliche Medienwissenschaft or Medienkulturwissenschaft , literally “cultural media studies”; a certain branch of media approaches in between philology, aesthetics, and techno-philosophy characterized by a special attention on materiality in relation to cultural processes and products.
Discourse Networks: English translation of Kittler’s Aufschreibesysteme , literally “writing systems” or “inscription systems”; technologically founded, heterogeneous assemblies, and operations regarded as the condition of culturally effective distinctions.
Metaphoricity: Term from Georg Christoph Tholen; the condition of coming into form in terms of “as if,” employing a temporal order and emphasizing the inauthenticity and dependency of the singular entity.
Individuation: Term by Gilbert Simondon; the process of reciprocally coming into form or becoming singular of an entity in collective assemblies.
Differance: Term by Jacques Derrida; the logically necessary dis- and replacement of entities and their conditions of existence in time.
Cultural Techniques: In German, Kulturtechniken ; ontologically and technologically founded operations conditioning fundamental distinctions for a given culture.
Transmission: Term by Régis Debray; the process of constitution and shaping of cultural heritage according to respective media conditions.
Actor Media Theory: In German, Akteur-Medien-Theorie ; proposed as a common term for the shift from classical “media” investigations to a more common understanding of “mediators” in techno-philosophy, media anthropology, and media aesthetics by Erhard Schüttpelz and Tristan Thielmann.