What is Concentration Polarization

The inevitable decline of membrane performance in membrane separation processes can be optimized through a good understanding of the mass transfer phenomenon and the transport resistances involved in the operation. Thus, this chapter focused on the discussions of mass transfer mechanisms and models in membrane separation based on several types of driving forces. This includes the pressure from a mechanical operation, partial pressure, osmotic pressure, concentration, and also thermal gradients. The chapter elaborates on the transport resistances in membrane resulting from membrane fouling and concentration polarization. The author hopes that readers, especially engineers and technical operators, gain a deep understanding and comprehensive knowledge regarding the theories and are able to utilize the knowledge to optimize the membrane operation.