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What is Fourth-Generation Biofuels

Chapter 13
Handbook of Research on Algae as a Sustainable Solution for Food, Energy, and the Environment
This class of biofuels includes electrofuels and solar fuels. Electrofuels are made by storing electrical energy in the chemical bonds of liquids and gases. The primary targets are butanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen, but include other alcohols and carbon-containing gases such as methane and butane. Solar fuel is a synthetic chemical fuel produced from solar energy. Light is converted to chemical energy, typically by reducing protons to hydrogen or carbon dioxide to organic compounds.
Published in Chapter:
A Sustainable Supply Chain Model for the Development of Green Fuel Production From Microalgae
Nima Norouzi (Bournemouth University, UK)
Copyright: © 2022 |Pages: 22
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-2438-4.ch013
Abstract
This study presents designing and managing a green fuel supply chain based on algae to investigate the development of such fuels in the country. On this basis, a definitive model is first developed to model all the activities of the green fuel supply chain, which includes the supply of raw materials for the growth of algae, the cultivation of algae and their conversion into fuel, and finally, the supply of fuel in the country. This deterministic model is extended to a robust network model to secure supply chain decisions against uncertainty. Using the proposed model for the development of algal fuels in Iran shows that the green fuel production cost is currently 27 cents/liter. The current cost of producing fuel from algae cannot compete with fossil fuels, but this cost can be greatly reduced in the future by slightly increasing the growth rate of algae and their oil content.
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