Munir Ahmad

Munir AhmadMunir Ahmad is a seasoned professional in the realm of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), Geo-Information Productions, Information Systems, and Information Governance, boasting over 25 years of dedicated experience in the field. With a PhD in Computer Science, Dr. Ahmad's expertise spans Spatial Data Production, Management, Processing, Analysis, Visualization, and Quality Control. Throughout his career, Dr. Ahmad has been deeply involved in the development and deployment of SDI systems specially in the context of Pakistan, leveraging his proficiency in Spatial Database Design, Web, Mobile & Desktop GIS, and Geo Web Services Architecture. His contributions to Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) and Open Source Geoportal & Metadata Portal have significantly enriched the geospatial community. As a trainer and researcher, Dr. Ahmad has authored over 50 publications, advancing the industry's knowledge base and fostering innovation in Geo-Tech, Data Governance, and Information Infrastructure, and Emerging Technologies. His commitment to Research and Development (R&D) is evident in his role as a dedicated educator and mentor in the field.

Publications

Transforming Education With AI-Powered Personalized Learning
Houssem Chemingui, Munir Ahmad, Suela Bylykbashi. © 2025. 320 pages.
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) revolutionizes many educational sectors. By harnessing the power of AI, educators can create highly personalized learning...
Exploring Ethical Dimensions of AI Assistants and Chatbots
Shweta Bhattacharjee Porna, Munir Ahmad, Rubén González Vallejo, Iram Shahzadi, Md. Asifur Rahman. © 2025. 26 pages.
This chapter explores the ethical implications of chatbots and AI assistants, focusing on privacy and data security, bias and fairness, transparency and accountability, user...
Review of Citizen Engagement in Public Service Delivery via Volunteered Geographic Information
Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 24 pages.
Citizen participation enhances public services by involving individuals in their design, implementation, and evaluation, fostering transparency and accountability. Volunteered...
Navigating the Digital Landscape: The Evolution and Challenges of Online Mapping Communities
Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 22 pages.
This chapter traces the evolution of online mapping from the 1990s to today, highlighting its transformation from basic digital maps to sophisticated, interactive applications....
Empowering Communities: OpenStreetMap and Social Inclusion
Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 18 pages.
This chapter explored how OpenStreetMap (OSM) enhances social inclusion and community participation in mapping. By enabling anyone to contribute, OSM leverages local knowledge...
Theoretical Implications of Generative AI for Content Generation in Geoinformatics Training
Munir Ahmad, Weiny Y. Ho, Andrea Paola Goyes Robalino, Maida Maqsood. © 2025. 30 pages.
This chapter explored the potential of generative AI in the context of geoinformatics training. Generative AI techniques can generate realistic synthetic data to support tasks...
Spatial Data Infrastructure for Effective Information Management: A Case Study of Pakistan
Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali, Hammad Hussain. © 2025. 28 pages.
SDI is a vital tool for addressing various challenges of the 5E Framework in Pakistan. In the export sector, SDI datasets can identify new markets, optimize trade routes...
Data Analytics and Decision Making in Healthcare Using Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of Pakistan
Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali, Hammad Hussain. © 2025. 32 pages.
Pakistan's healthcare system grapples with numerous challenges, including limited access to quality healthcare, a shortage of healthcare workers, and poor coordination among...
From Screens to Streets: Volunteered Geographic Information's Impact on Travel Choices
Munir Ahmad, Shikha Sharma. © 2025. 22 pages.
Geo-tech transforms travel with real-time traffic, weather, and attraction updates. Travelers can personalize plans for safer, more convenient journeys. Volunteered Geographic...
Harnessing OpenStreetMap for Smart Destination Mapping and Navigation
Kashif Mehmood Khan, Remi Thomas, Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 20 pages.
OpenStreetMap (OSM) offers a powerful and versatile alternative to traditional map providers for smart destinations. This chapter explored the key advantages of OSM, including...
Destination Discovery: Leveraging Geospatial Analysis in Tourism Marketing
Asma Imran, Remi Thomas, Munir Ahmad, Iram Shahzadi. © 2025. 24 pages.
The chapter highlighted the significance of market segmentation, focusing on defining market populations based on distinctive characteristics and creating tailored marketing...
Mapping for Good: Harnessing OpenStreetMap for Corporate Philanthropy
Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 24 pages.
OpenStreetMap (OSM) represents a pivotal tool for organizations committed to impactful CSR initiatives. Addressing the deficiencies of traditional mapping methods, OSM not only...
Virtual Realities, Real Societies: The Metaverse Effect
Munir Ahmad, Aiman Shahzadi, Rubén González Vallejo, Zain Naeem, Duc Binh Tran. © 2025. 20 pages.
Digital environments are becoming increasingly intertwined with our daily lives. Hence, understanding the complex interplay between virtual realities and real-world societies is...
Utilizing OpenStreetMap Data for Local Climate Change Assessment and Policy Formulation
Munir Ahmad, Miguel Angel Osorio Rivera, William Estuardo Carrillo Barahona, Amara Nisar, Noor Ul Safa. © 2025. 20 pages.
This chapter has delved into the significant role that OSM data can play in local climate change assessments and policy development. Utilizing the open, comprehensive, and...
The Role of Blockchain in Virtual Tourism Transactions
Adel Abou Amer, Maida Maqsood, Aitizaz Ali, Maher Ali Rusho, Asma Imran, Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 24 pages.
This chapter explored how blockchain technology can transform virtual tourism by ensuring secure, transparent transactions for VR/AR experiences, virtual museums, and interactive...
OpenStreetMap and Digital Health: Enhancing Patient Care and Healthcare Delivery
Pujita Roy, Ulfat Khan, Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 20 pages.
This chapter explored the applications of OpenStreetMap (OSM) in digital health, highlighting improvements in patient navigation, resource mapping, and epidemic response....
Using OpenStreetMap Data for Geomarketing Insights and Business Growth
Munir Ahmad, Sudhair Abbas Bangash, Maher Ali Rusho, Sudipta Halder, Iram Shahzadi. © 2025. 24 pages.
Geo-marketing integrates traditional marketing with GIS to support companies in identifying target markets and strategically positioning themselves. This chapter explores OSM...
Blockchain in the Metaverse: Transformative Applications and Opportunities in Healthcare
Islam Gouda, Munir Ahmad, Maida Maqsood, Nikhilesh Jain, Sudhair Abbas Bangash. © 2025. 22 pages.
The chapter presents a comprehensive exploration of the current challenges in healthcare, particularly focusing on data privacy, security, interoperability issues, and critical...
Digital Cartography Transforming Travel Decision-Making With VGI
Munir Ahmad, Yasir Ansari, Achmad Izzul Waro, Maher Ali Rusho, Maida Maqsood. © 2025. 22 pages.
Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) significantly enhances travel planning by offering dynamic, user-generated data across diverse categories such as POIs, restaurants...
Agricultural Intelligence (AI)'s Impact on Society 5.0 Farming
Princy Rana, Munir Ahmad, Taulu Stephen, Houssem Chemingui. © 2025. 20 pages.
This chapter explored the proactive impact of Ag-AI in shaping Society 5.0 farming practices. The chapter evaluated Ag-AI's capabilities and its role in advancing...
Harvesting Data the Role of AI in Smart Farming and Precision Agriculture
Muhammad Huzaifa Mahmood, Muhammad Waseem, Mujahid Abbas, Muhammad Ahmad, Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 24 pages.
Integrating AI into data-driven agriculture is not a cure-all but a potentially transformative tool. Embracing advanced technologies and driving progress can help ensure a more...
Chatbots in Telemedicine: Exploring Ethical Dimensions of AI in Healthcare
Sudhair Abbas Bangash, Syed Sikandar Shah, Muhammad Ali Adam, Md Fokrul Islam Khan, Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 28 pages.
Chatbots have emerged as pivotal tools in telemedicine, revolutionizing remote healthcare delivery. They excel in various aspects, from symptom assessment and triage to...
Ethical Geospatial Analytics Balancing Business Interests and Social Responsibility
Shenson Joseph, Md Rokibul Hasan, Munir Ahmad, Nikhilesh Jain. © 2025. 22 pages.
In the realm of geospatial analytics, prioritizing responsible and ethical practices is paramount. This entails embracing transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement...
Towards Sustainable Health Systems: Insights From Pakistan's Spatial Data Infrastructure
Munir Ahmad, Zubia Waqar. © 2025. 18 pages.
Numerous challenges are being faced by the healthcare system of Pakistan. It lacks universal access to quality healthcare, an inadequate supply of healthcare human resources, and...
Crisis Communication Strategies in the Age of Social Media: The Case of Volunteered Geographic Information
Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Farrukh, H. M. Atif Wafik, Popoola Adeolu Gabriel. © 2025. 24 pages.
Crisis communication in today's digital age, shaped by social media and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), has revolutionized response strategies. Social media-based...
Blockchain-Powered Collaboration in Spatial Data Infrastructure
Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 24 pages.
Blockchain is being adopted in different sectors such as health strategies and services, production chains, school systems and business management, manufacturing, emergency...
OpenStreetMap Empowering Digital Infrastructure for Emerging Markets
Munir Ahmad, Trupti Dandekar Humnekar, Maida Maqsood, Houssem Chemingui. © 2025. 20 pages.
OpenStreetMap offers significant advantages for emerging markets, including cost-effectiveness, local knowledge utilization, scalability, adaptability, and integration with...
Strategies for Spatial Data Management in Cloud Environments
Bimol Chandra Das, Munir Ahmad, Maida Maqsood. © 2025. 24 pages.
Cloud platforms can enhance spatial data management with specialized services like databases, geocoding, and geospatial analytics. Databases such as Amazon Redshift with PostGIS...
Secure Data Sharing in Healthcare: A Blockchain and Digital Twins Approach
Pujita Roy, Syed Hussnain Tahir Sherazi, Ma Joan Morillo Delda, Maida Maqsood, Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 32 pages.
Integrating blockchain and digital twins in healthcare offers a secure and dynamic way to share patient data. Blockchain technology secures data through encryption, audit trails...
Spatial Data Management Strategies to Improve Green Innovation
Jan Vrba, Muhammad Akbar, Emmanuel Emmanuel Eze, Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 26 pages.
Effective management of spatial data can drive green innovation by identifying environmental challenges such as air and water quality, deforestation, soil health, and climate...
Spatial Data Governance for Healthcare Metaverse
Bimol Chandra Das, Rida Zahid, Pujita Roy, Munir Ahmad. © 2025. 26 pages.
The healthcare metaverse, leveraging VR and AR, revolutionizes medical services, education, and research by creating immersive, interactive environments. However, integrating...
From Crisis to Opportunity: How VGI Is Transforming Disaster Response and Recovery Efforts
Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 18 pages.
Volunteered geographic information is a crucial tool in disaster response and recovery, transforming data collection and sharing. It has significantly improved disaster...
Unleashing Business Potential: Harnessing OpenStreetMap for Intelligent Growth and Sustainability
Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 22 pages.
The economic value of green spaces and their enormous potential can positively impact both community development and business growth. This chapter explored the value of OSM data...
Exploring the Potential of Spatial Data for Enhancing Higher Education Learners' Learning Outcomes
Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 18 pages.
The integration of spatial data into education holds immense promise for transforming learning outcomes across diverse disciplines. From economics to archaeology, the...
Connecting the Dots: Harnessing OpenStreetMap for Big Data Analytics and Market Insights
Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 19 pages.
OpenStreetMap (OSM) emerges as a dynamic asset for market intelligence, opening a plethora of possibilities for businesses and organizations to enrich their strategies and...
Geospatial Blockchain Applications for Land Administration in Pakistan
Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 27 pages.
In an era characterized by rapid technological progress, the persistent challenges of land administration are on the verge of a groundbreaking transformation through the adoption...
Harnessing the Power of Geospatial Data: The Convergence of SDI, Big Data, and Cloud Computing
Munir Ahmad, Aitizaz Ali, Ting Tin Tin, Asmat Ali. © 2024. 19 pages.
This chapter explored the transformative impact of cloud computing on geospatial data management, highlighting its scalability, cost-efficiency, and security features. This...
Transforming Technology Adoption: How Social Media Communication Can Break Barriers in Public Organizations
Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali, Hassan Nawaz. © 2024. 19 pages.
This chapter assessed the role of social media on the adoption of technology in public sector organizations. The chapter employed a case study of the impact of the Pak-NSDI...
Narrating Spatial Data With Responsibility: Balancing Ethics and Decision Making
Munir Ahmad, Saadia Ureeb. © 2024. 20 pages.
This chapter discussed the responsible use of spatial data in decision-making and the need to balance ethics with decision-making. The role of spatial data in decision-making and...
Exploring the Role of Metaverse in Promoting Religious Tourism
Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Akram, Saadia Ureeb. © 2024. 25 pages.
The Metaverse represents a revolutionary force in transforming religious tourism, demonstrating its versatile applicability in reinforcing visit intentions, advancing research...
Exploring Web 3 Benefits and Challenges
Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Awais Ali, Muhammad Arslan. © 2024. 18 pages.
This chapter delved into the multifaceted benefits and challenges characterizing the Web 3 paradigm. Web 3, operating on decentralized networks, fortifies digital ecosystems...
The Role of Data Science and Volunteered Geographic Information in Enhancing Government Service Delivery: Opportunities and Challenges
Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 28 pages.
This chapter explored the transformative impact of data science and VGI on public service provision. VGI, as user-generated content, has played a significant role in...
Optimizing Integrated Spatial Data Management Through Fog Computing: A Comprehensive Overview
Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali, Hassan Nawaz, Muhammad Arslan, Nirmalendu Kumar. © 2024. 21 pages.
Fog computing offers key features such as real-time communication, physical distribution, position awareness, compatibility, scalability, and energy efficiency, which...
Navigating the Journey: How Chatbots Are Transforming Tourism and Hospitality
Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Khizar Hayat Naeem, Froilan Delute Mobo, Muhammad Waqas Tahir, Muhammad Akram. © 2024. 20 pages.
The incorporation of chatbots within the tourism and hospitality sectors signals a transformative era aimed at enhancing customer engagement, operational efficiency, and industry...
Spatial Data-Driven Citizen Engagement in the Metaverse
Froilan Delute Mobo, Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 23 pages.
The chapter delves into the pivotal role of spatial data in civic interactions across many domains, elucidating its significance in decision-making, community engagement, and...
Spatial Data Infrastructure for Information Governance: The Case Study From Pakistan
Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali, Froilan Delute Mobo, Hammad Hussain. © 2024. 14 pages.
By examining the case study of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) implementation in Pakistan and its relationship with information governance, this chapter contributed to a deeper...
Geospatial Machine Learning and the Power of Python Programming: Libraries, Tools, Applications, and Plugins
Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Awais Ali, Md. Rokibul Hasan, Froilan D. Mobo, Shahid Iqbal Rai. © 2024. 31 pages.
Machine learning can play a critical role in geospatial analysis, providing enhanced computing efficiency, flexibility, and scalability, improved predictive capabilities...
From Canopy to Concrete: Assessing Urban Green Space Depletion's Impact on Biodiversity With OSM Data
Froilan Delute Mobo, Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 20 pages.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of green spaces in Punjab Province, Pakistan, from 2019 to 2023. The OpenStreetMap (OSM) data has been employed to gain insight into...
Revolutionizing Responsible Tourism: Cutting-Edge Technological Advances in Geotagging
Muhammad Khizar Hayat Naeem, Munir Ahmad, Froilan Delute Mobo. © 2024. 20 pages.
The introduction of geotagging has transformed the tourism industry, impacting environmental conservation, social engagement, and economic development. Through GPS-enabled...
Chatbots in Academic Literacy Exploring AI in Education
Mariam Hadi Ali, Maria Kainat, Maida Maqsood, Sanny F. Fernandez, Sijjad Ali, Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 23 pages.
Chatbots have emerged as innovative tools with the potential to significantly impact academic literacy skills across various domains. This study investigates the impact of...
Community-Driven Finance Unveiling the Dynamics of DeFi Governance
Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 16 pages.
The chapter delves into the evolving landscape of decentralized finance (DeFi) governance, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. It emphasizes the role of...
Unveiling Urban Oasis: Insights From OSM Data on Green Spaces
Munir Ahmad, Froilan Delute Mobo. © 2024. 19 pages.
OpenStreetMap data is a valuable resource for analyzing urban green spaces globally. This study reviews extensive literature showcasing diverse applications of OSM data in...
Beyond the Screen: AI's Societal Footprint
Froilan Delute Mobo, Aneeq Inam, Shenson Joseph, Munir Ahmad, Houssem Chemingui. © 2024. 20 pages.
The integration of AI-driven technologies into society has led to profound changes across various domains, presenting both opportunities and challenges. AI has redefined...
Leveraging GIS for Environmental Planning and Management
Aitizaz Ali, Muhammad Zakwan Hadeed, Seyedmostafa Safavi, Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 24 pages.
This chapter emphasized the pivotal role of GIS in environmental decision-making by exploring spatial data collection methods, including GPS, remote sensing, LiDAR, and drones...
Navigating the Promise and Perils of Generative AI in Healthcare
Shenson Joseph, Qurat Ul-Ain, Sidra Nosheen, Munir Ahmad, Rida Fatima. © 2024. 20 pages.
Generative AI offers transformative potential in healthcare, enabling advancements from data augmentation to drug discovery. However, its adoption poses ethical, technical, and...
Leveraging Spatial Data Infrastructure for Enhanced Municipal Planning: A Case Study of Pakistan
Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali, Hammad Hussain. © 2024. 20 pages.
The significance of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) in municipal planning in Pakistan cannot be overstated, as it can plays a central role in reshaping urban development...
Mapping Green Infrastructure Harnessing OSM Data for Sustainable Development
Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 21 pages.
The chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of global studies on urban green spaces (UGS), highlighting their diverse methodologies and findings. Spanning countries such as the...
Innovative Approaches Integrating AR and VR Into Marketing Campaigns
Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 19 pages.
This chapter explores the significance of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in marketing campaigns, highlighting their benefits in enhancing customer engagement...
From Data to Insights: Harnessing GeoAI for Informed Decision-Making in Healthcare
Munir Ahmad, Rida Zahid, Kashif Mehmood Khan. © 2024. 31 pages.
This chapter examined the utilization of GeoAI for healthcare issues like patient demographics, socio-economic factors, health insurance coverage, and environmental conditions to...
Meeting the Challenges of Gender Equity Through Female Land Ownership Rights in Pakistan
Rida Fatima, Asmat Ali, Hammad Hussain, Munir Ahmad. © 2024. 16 pages.
This chapter focuses on three targets of sustainable development goals (SDGs), establishes their interconnectedness, and reports on their status in Pakistan. These include...
AI-Infused Business Strategies: Spatial Insights for Market Success
Munir Ahmad, Md Rokibul Hasan, Yuusuf Jamiu Olushola, Maida Maqsood. © 2024. 18 pages.
The merger of artificial intelligence (AI) and spatial analysis is revolutionizing strategic development. Businesses are wielding the power of geographic information to...
Revolutionizing Healthcare in the Metaverse: The Power of Blockchain
Munir Ahmad, Sudhair Abbas Bangash, Syed Sikandar Shah, Houssem Chemingui, Muhammad Abubakar. © 2024. 26 pages.
Healthcare metaverses are acknowledged for their potential to revolutionize intelligent and personalized healthcare services. The incorporation of blockchain technology into the...
Assessment of Land Administration in Pakistan and the Potential Role of Volunteered Geographic Information
Munir Ahmad, Malik Sikandar Hayat Khiyal. © 2023. 24 pages.
Land is one of the four components of production for economic development in any country. Land administration helps the governments to eradicate poverty, protect human rights...
Connecting People and Places: How Citizen Diplomacy and VGI Are Strengthening Disaster Response and Community Development
Munir Ahmad. © 2023. 32 pages.
Exploring the potential of VGI for community development and disaster response is the focus of this chapter. It examined the impact of VGI on community growth, including active...
Fog Computing for Spatial Data Infrastructure: Challenges and Opportunities
Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali, Malik Sikander Hayat Khiyal. © 2023. 27 pages.
Fog computing is a promising approach to address the challenges faced by traditional spatial data infrastructure when processing large-scale and real-time data. This chapter...
AI-Enabled Spatial Intelligence: Revolutionizing Data Management and Decision Making in Geographic Information Systems
Munir Ahmad. © 2023. 30 pages.
GIS plays a crucial role in helping decision-makers to analyze and interpret complex spatial data to make informed decisions. However, conventional GIS workflows are inadequate...
Spatially-Aware Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Development Goals: Opportunities and Challenges
Munir Ahmad. © 2023. 17 pages.
The use of spatially aware artificial intelligence in studying and monitoring Sustainable Development Goals is examined in this chapter. Spatially aware AI incorporates spatial...
Leveraging Social Media Geographic Information for Smart Governance and Policy Making: Opportunities and Challenges
Munir Ahmad. © 2023. 22 pages.
This chapter explored the use of social media geographic information in governance and policy-making. Social media geographic information has great potential to impact...
Integrated Geospatial Information Management in the World of Metaverse: Challenges and Opportunities
Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali. © 2023. 23 pages.
Transformative discoveries are available across several disciplines because of the convergence of integrated geospatial information management with the Metaverse. Through the...
Leveraging Blockchain for Spatial Data Infrastructure: Challenges and Opportunities
Munir Ahmad. © 2023. 18 pages.
Blockchain technology is gaining increasing attention across various industries, including healthcare, supply chain, education, business, logistics, disaster management...
Spatial Data as a Catalyst to Drive Entrepreneurial Growth and Sustainable Development
Munir Ahmad. © 2023. 26 pages.
In this chapter, a model of spatial sustainable entrepreneurship is presented by integrating sustainable development with entrepreneurship and spatial data. The model contributes...
Unlocking the Power of Spatial Big Data for Sustainable Development: From Capacity Building to Food Security and Food Traceability
Munir Ahmad. © 2023. 15 pages.
Food security is a fundamental human right. Enhancing agricultural practices, lowering food waste, and ensuring equitable resource allocation are among the actions taken to...
Mapping the Future of Sustainable Development Through Cloud-Based Solutions: A Case Study of OpenStreetMap
Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali. © 2023. 24 pages.
OSM plays a crucial role in advancing sustainable development across the economy, environment, and society. It can foster economic sustainability by enabling infrastructure...
A Review of Governance Frameworks for National Spatial Data Infrastructure
Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali. © 2023. 22 pages.
This chapter examined the governance framework of National Spatial Data Infrastructures in five South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It...
Exploring the Role of OpenStreetMap in Mapping Religious Tourism in Pakistan for Sustainable Development
Munir Ahmad. © 2023. 18 pages.
Religious tourism in Pakistan is a diverse and culturally rich sector poised for growth, yet facing numerous challenges, including infrastructure deficiencies, maintenance...
International Journal of Disaster Response and Emergency Management (IJDREM)
Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, Dean Kyne, William Donner. Est. 2018.
The International Journal of Disaster Response and Emergency Management (IJDREM) provides a forum through which researchers, professionals, practitioners, policy makers...
Quality Assessment of Volunteered Geographic Information for Educational Planning
Hafiz Muhammad Muzaffar, Ali Tahir, Asmat Ali, Munir Ahmad, Gavin McArdle. © 2017. 21 pages.
Volunteered Geographic Information is the term used to describe the process of collecting spatial data using a network of volunteers. The approach collects spatial data to build...