The theory of planned behavior was a development and extension of the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). The theory of planned behavior was a cognitive theory used to understand how an individual decided to act (Ajzen, 1985). According to the theory of planned behavior, intentions were the motivational factors influencing behavior, and stronger intentions predicted a more substantial possibility of performing the behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Ajzen (1991) pointed out three determinants of intention: attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm, and the degree of perceived behavioral control. The subjective norm referred to the social press an individual was going to face when deciding to act, and the perceived behavioral control referred to the perceived ease of acting (Sussman & Gifford, 2019).