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TopTheoretical Approach
Undoubtedly, the exercise of coexistence and a culture of peace has been affected by the use of technological tools to the point that, for students and for teachers and administrators, it has become necessary to encourage programmes that contribute to media and information literacy (Diergarten, Möckel, Nieding and Ohler, 2017; Yu, Lin & Liao, 2017; Hayes, 2016; Johnson-Grau, Gardner, Slater & McLean, 2016) and digital citizenship (Ribble, Bailey and Ross, 2004; Blevins, LeCompte and Wells, 2014; Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, 2014). Thus, “Nowadays, mass media being referenced as a basic source of information has great importance in development of cultural, social, political, democratic conscious and especially in the development phase of culture of conscious citizenship” (Karaduman, 2015, p. 3039).
Education for students to develop skills related to conflict resolution using ICT is a subject of interest that has gained strength in the teaching and academic community in recent years. Several studies have focused on enhancing and researching the relationships that may arise with the use of ICT to support training processes for conflict resolution (DeVoogd, Lane‐Garon and Kralowec, 2016; Olsher, 2015).
Some authors have focused on the effects of ICT on behaviours that can occur in students, such as cyberstalking or cyberbullying (Mateus, Veiga, Costa and das Dores, 2015; Hase, Goldberg, Smith, Stuck and Campain, 2015; Garaigordobil, Martínez, Páez, and Cardozo, 2015; Del Barco, Mira, Verdasca, Castaño, and Carroza, 2013; Menay and de la Fuente, 2014; Fisher, Gardella, and Teurbe-Tolon, 2016), whereas others have focused on proposing prevention programmes that help foster conflict resolution using nonviolent actions (CFIE Valladolid, 2012; Garaigordobil and Martínez, 2014; Ortega, Del Rey and Casas, 2013; Del Barrio, 2013; Corredera, 2015; Clayton, Ballif-Spanvill and Hunsaker, 2001; Suárez, 2014; Collados, 2014; DeVoogd et al., 2016). It is noteworthy that addressing conflicts is also contemplated within the new dimensions of what has been called cyber-coexistence (Ortega, Del Rey, and Sánchez, 2012).