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Introduction
The term ‘e-marketing’ refers to the use of information and communication technologies by firms to undertake marketing and promotion that complement their e-commerce and e-business strategies (Mazzarol, 2015). Whilst e-commerce (as we know it today) initially began 30 years ago as an online ordering system (Anyu & Ofong, 2015), the adoption of e-marketing, and the associated move towards e-commerce, has gradually changed the shape and nature of business transactions all over the world. Now, e-commerce is characterized by the relative ease, speed and flexibility through which a transaction can be completed between buyer and seller (Anyu & Ofong, 2015). A shift away from traditional face-to-face interactions between consumers and retailers is occurring, and there are innumerable advantages that can arise for both consumers and retailers through e-marketing. However, e-marketing is also being used to lure online consumers into purchasing goods and services under false pretenses, and it is therefore timely to highlight some of the less scrupulous dealings that can occur in the online marketplace. The article presents three Australian examples where e-marketing techniques and practices have helped facilitate the occurrence of Internet fraud. By doing so, it is possible to showcase Internet fraud as a pervasive issue in the fields of e-marketing and online advertising.
As an introduction into the nexus between e-marketing and online fraud, it can be useful to understand how individual’s come to construct their own realities. To this end, a constructivist perspective assists in appreciating the nuances in people’s constructions of meaning in the world. Berger and Luckmann’s (1966) seminal work on the social construction of reality sets a theoretical basis, from which it is understandable that some of the important principles of reality construction begin with the premise that reality is not necessarily the objective external reality which most people believe they are observing. This realization can be particularly relevant in the online advertising environment where consumers rely on available information to form judgments about the legitimacy of a retailer and the authenticity of an advertised product. Karp’s (2006) insights into entrepreneurship (and based on a constructionist perspective) further helps us appreciate the importance of applying constructionist theory because importance is placed on feelings, intuitions and identity – all of which are integral aspects of consumers’ experiences of online shopping and online advertising. Further exploration of the role of constructionism and the theory of reality construction in relation to e-marketing and online fraud can be found in Sofo and Sofo (2013).
Andragogy, the art of helping adults learn, promises the most effective means of improvement and reality construction because it empowers individuals, groups and communities to cooperate with an open and creative mind. The people development function within organizations has been devolved increasingly to line managers. As such, all managers can assist in personal and organizational improvement by encouraging participation in the decision-making processes to enhance communication structures and work flow procedures. There is indeed opportunity to jointly combat Internet fraud by taking a similar approach. This might mean that where singular work structures exist (such as vertical or horizontal power relationships), individuals might instead be encouraged to experiment with the benefits of introducing variation such as matrix and web-based structures.