What is Heteronomous Model

This chapter aims to conceptualize e-learning and artificial intelligence as a progression in the geo-historical process of university evolution and expansion in an increasingly globalizing world. Perkin identified five historical periods in university growth: the emergence of the medieval universities and their spread in the feudal order, the demands posed to universities by nation-states and the Enlightenment during the early modern period, the impact of the political and industrial revolutions, and the crisis of mass higher education since 1918. This chapter adds a sixth digital technologies: the role of artificial intelligence and cloud applications. Knowing and reflecting on the history of higher education is essential. Why universities emerged in societies and how they spread globally is relevant to understanding contemporary challenges facing higher education. To this end, the first locations, purposes, organizational structures, and legal frameworks are discussed.