What is Fake News

1.

Deliberate dissemination of false announcement. Learn more in: Cognitive Authority, Accountability, and the Anatomy of Lies: Experiments to Detect Fake News in Digital Environments

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Lies about a person, organization, or situation shared in social media. Learn more in: Behind the Post-Truth World: A Philosophical Perspective on Information and Media Literacy

3.

Refers to nontruthful information, false news, hoax news, false information, or propaganda published under the guise of being authentic news and mostly spread out using a range of media including social media with some ulterior motives and sometimes for the sake of fun, or influencing others opinions. Learn more in: Post-Truth and Marketing Communication in Technological Age

4.

Wrong information communicated as true information. Learn more in: What Society Can and Cannot Learn From Coherence: Theoretical and Practical Considerations

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News that is false and contains a mixture of misinformation and disinformation. Learn more in: An Empirically Supported Taxonomy of Misinformation

6.

Fabricated, untrue, deceptive information and content deliberately disseminated with the intention to confuse and misguide the target. Learn more in: Fake News, Hate Speech and Nigeria's Struggle for Democratic Consolidation: A Conceptual Review

7.

Fabricated stories, hoaxes, propaganda or inaccurate information that appear to be genuine, generally crafted and spread to deliberately misinform and deceive people. Learn more in: Understanding the Landscape of Online Deception

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As the name implies, fake news is information that lack adequate quality to be considered truthful, only intended to deceive. Learn more in: Fake Online News: Rethinking News Credibility for the Changing Media Environment

9.

The term was first used by two reporters from Buzzfeed Craig Silverman and Lawrence Alexander following their discovery of a large number of intentional false reporting of pro-Trump stories in the 2016 U.S. election. The stories came mainly from alt right wing U.S. sources. The term fake news grew quickly as regular news stories picked up multiple examples of news intentionally meant to deceive readers/viewers. Its meaning was reversed by the President shortly after his election when he began to call all news and news organizations fake when it contradicted his agenda. Learn more in: Populism, Fake News, and the Flight From Democracy

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Content that contains inaccurate, misleading, or fabricated information about current events, which is being distributed through different channels of communication such as print, broadcast, text messaging, or social media. Learn more in: Crime-Fake News Nexus

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Manipulated information to change people’s opinion about a fact. Learn more in: Brazilian Policy and Actions to Fight Against Fake News: A Discussion Focused on Critical Literacy

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News pieces that are intentionally and verifiably false and could mislead audiences/readers. Learn more in: Combating Fake News Online: Turkish Fact-Checking Services

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This is news about something that did not happen. Usually they are not completely fictional because are based on some facts. There are, for instance, satirical publications only with this kind of news. This technique creates a comic effect and, at the same time, highlights a specific fact. Learn more in: How to Use Parody and Humour to Teach Digital Literacy

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News stories that are demonstrably false yet spread as true information. Learn more in: Teaching Media Literacy From a Cultural Studies Perspective

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Propaganda and false statements represented as fact that are knowingly fabricated to misinform the reader and is spread through traditional news formats or social media. Learn more in: Spiritualism and the Resurgence of Fake News

16.

Nielsen and Graves (2017) identified types of fake news such as satire, poor journalism, propaganda, some advertising, and false news. Learn more in: Breaking Fake News and Verifying Truth

17.

Misleading or fabricated information that has a societal, political and or monetary gain for the individual spreading it. Not a new phenomenon, and connected to the concept of propaganda. Learn more in: ‘Fake News' in the Context of Information Literacy: A Canadian Case Study

18.

News that conveys or incorporates false, fabricated, or deliberately misleading information, or that is characterized as or accused of doing so. Learn more in: Information Literacy and Science Misinformation

19.

A catch-all term for intentionally false information, widely popularized during the 2016 Presidential Campaign of Donald Trump. Learn more in: False Information Narratives: The IRA's 2016 Presidential Election Facebook Campaign

20.

The spreading of untrue facts online or through Social Networking Sites that may influence readers’ opinions, voting choices, and election outcomes. Learn more in: The Dark Side of Engaging With Social Networking Sites (SNS)

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Information that appears like news items, which are knowingly false statements transmitted to serve ideological and/or financial purposes. Learn more in: News Credibility and Media Literacy in the Digital Age

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That containing inaccurate information. Learn more in: Are You an Observer or a Supporter of War?: The Changing Narrative of Front Line Reporting

23.

It refers false reports of events, written and read on websites. False or misleading stories pervading fast via media as internet or other tools for damaging reputation of someone or something else making money. Learn more in: Media Ethics: Evaluation of Television News in the Context of the Media and Ethics Relationship

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Fake news signifies hoax news that people may deliberately or unintentionally disseminate to people. Learn more in: Statistical Methods for Conducting the Ontology and Classifications of Fake News on Social Media

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News headlines and stories that have no factual basis but are presented as facts. The spreading of untrue facts online or through Social Networking Sites that may influence readers’ opinions, voting choices, and election outcomes. Learn more in: Online Social Networks Misuse, Cyber Crimes, and Counter Mechanisms

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False news stories that become viral media content. Learn more in: Media Literacy for Political Cognition in Higher Education: A Solution-Centered Approach

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Fake news is false or misleading content that is similar in structure to news and is usually prepared to deceive people on internet and social media. Learn more in: The Impact of Misinformation and Preferences of News Sources on Institutional Trust Perception in the COVID-19 Process

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News generated by social media users to damage an agency, entity, or person intentionally. Learn more in: Detecting Fake News on Social Media: The Case of Turkey

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False information or disinformation spread via traditional or online media. Learn more in: Profiting From the “Trump Bump”: The Effects of Selling Negativity in the Media

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False information presented as real news. Learn more in: Media Literacy and Fake News: How Media Literacy Can Curb the Fake News Trend

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False and fabricated news. Learn more in: COVID-19 and the Mass Media: A Scenario of the Pandemic in India

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False content that tries to appear as coming from a traditional news media outlet. Learn more in: An Overview (and Criticism) of Methods to Detect Fake Content Online