What is Fake News

1.

Deliberate dissemination of false announcement. Learn more in: Cognitive Authority, Accountability, and the Anatomy of Lies: Experiments to Detect Fake News in Digital Environments

2.

Lies about a person, organization, or situation shared in social media. Learn more in: Behind the Post-Truth World: A Philosophical Perspective on Information and Media Literacy

3.

Refers to nontruthful information, false news, hoax news, false information, or propaganda published under the guise of being authentic news and mostly spread out using a range of media including social media with some ulterior motives and sometimes for the sake of fun, or influencing others opinions. Learn more in: Post-Truth and Marketing Communication in Technological Age

4.

Wrong information communicated as true information. Learn more in: What Society Can and Cannot Learn From Coherence: Theoretical and Practical Considerations

5.

News that is false and contains a mixture of misinformation and disinformation. Learn more in: An Empirically Supported Taxonomy of Misinformation

6.

Fabricated, untrue, deceptive information and content deliberately disseminated with the intention to confuse and misguide the target. Learn more in: Fake News, Hate Speech and Nigeria's Struggle for Democratic Consolidation: A Conceptual Review

7.

Fabricated stories, hoaxes, propaganda or inaccurate information that appear to be genuine, generally crafted and spread to deliberately misinform and deceive people. Learn more in: Understanding the Landscape of Online Deception

8.

As the name implies, fake news is information that lack adequate quality to be considered truthful, only intended to deceive. Learn more in: Fake Online News: Rethinking News Credibility for the Changing Media Environment

9.

The term was first used by two reporters from Buzzfeed Craig Silverman and Lawrence Alexander following their discovery of a large number of intentional false reporting of pro-Trump stories in the 2016 U.S. election. The stories came mainly from alt right wing U.S. sources. The term fake news grew quickly as regular news stories picked up multiple examples of news intentionally meant to deceive readers/viewers. Its meaning was reversed by the President shortly after his election when he began to call all news and news organizations fake when it contradicted his agenda. Learn more in: Populism, Fake News, and the Flight From Democracy

10.

Content that contains inaccurate, misleading, or fabricated information about current events, which is being distributed through different channels of communication such as print, broadcast, text messaging, or social media. Learn more in: Crime-Fake News Nexus

11.

Manipulated information to change people’s opinion about a fact. Learn more in: Brazilian Policy and Actions to Fight Against Fake News: A Discussion Focused on Critical Literacy

12.

News pieces that are intentionally and verifiably false and could mislead audiences/readers. Learn more in: Combating Fake News Online: Turkish Fact-Checking Services

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This is news about something that did not happen. Usually they are not completely fictional because are based on some facts. There are, for instance, satirical publications only with this kind of news. This technique creates a comic effect and, at the same time, highlights a specific fact. Learn more in: How to Use Parody and Humour to Teach Digital Literacy

14.

News stories that are demonstrably false yet spread as true information. Learn more in: Teaching Media Literacy From a Cultural Studies Perspective

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Propaganda and false statements represented as fact that are knowingly fabricated to misinform the reader and is spread through traditional news formats or social media. Learn more in: Spiritualism and the Resurgence of Fake News

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Misleading or fabricated information that has a societal, political and or monetary gain for the individual spreading it. Not a new phenomenon, and connected to the concept of propaganda. Learn more in: ‘Fake News' in the Context of Information Literacy: A Canadian Case Study

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News that conveys or incorporates false, fabricated, or deliberately misleading information, or that is characterized as or accused of doing so. Learn more in: Information Literacy and Science Misinformation

18.

A catch-all term for intentionally false information, widely popularized during the 2016 Presidential Campaign of Donald Trump. Learn more in: False Information Narratives: The IRA's 2016 Presidential Election Facebook Campaign

19.

The spreading of untrue facts online or through Social Networking Sites that may influence readers’ opinions, voting choices, and election outcomes. Learn more in: The Dark Side of Engaging With Social Networking Sites (SNS)

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Information that appears like news items, which are knowingly false statements transmitted to serve ideological and/or financial purposes. Learn more in: News Credibility and Media Literacy in the Digital Age

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False news stories that become viral media content. Learn more in: Media Literacy for Political Cognition in Higher Education: A Solution-Centered Approach

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False information or disinformation spread via traditional or online media. Learn more in: Profiting From the “Trump Bump”: The Effects of Selling Negativity in the Media

23.

False information presented as real news. Learn more in: Media Literacy and Fake News: How Media Literacy Can Curb the Fake News Trend

24.

False content that tries to appear as coming from a traditional news media outlet. Learn more in: An Overview (and Criticism) of Methods to Detect Fake Content Online