From a philosophical perspective, the term 'non-human animals' can reflect a notion that humans are different from and superior to other animals. However, modern ethical and philosophical debates have increasingly raised awareness about the potential emotions, consciousness, and rights of non-human animals. This perspective is emphasized by animal rights advocates, while also supporting the idea that humans should engage with their natural environment sustainably and respectfully.
Published in Chapter:
Commodification of Labor in Tourism: Human and Non-Human Animals
Copyright: © 2023
|Pages: 30
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-9255-0.ch006
Abstract
Tourism activities contribute to the economic development of countries through the transformation of values such as nature, culture, and history into attractive elements for tourists. However, the continuous growth of the tourism industry brings along numerous environmental and social issues, alongside the economic benefits it generates. To the extent that the tourism industry can perceive a country's culture, natural resources, historical sites, people, and even animals as commodities that can be used for capital gain. In this context, the study primarily evaluates the commodification of human and non-human labor in this industry. Subsequently, all tourism activities that exploit migrants, women, children, and animals, subjecting them to poor working conditions or sexual objectification, are examined through a cause-and-effect relationship. Regarding the concept of labor, a critical assessment is conducted based on the social reality where women, children, and animals are potentially seen as commodities in the tourism sector, and the topic is extensively addressed with examples.