What is Social Capital

Relationships, social bonds and connectedness that produce social outcomes.

Refers to the network of relationships and social connections that provide additional opportunities or resources available for individuals who are members of the group. It provides students with access to resources by way of whom they already know in a particular class or by their familiarity with the teacher and the school.

A term introduced into academic and policy debates in the 1990s. It represents a complex multidimensional concept, defined by the OECD as “networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups” ( OECD, 2001 , p. 41).

Is a resource that comprises of social networks and relationships based on societal or community shared values and norms.

The resources gathered through relationships among people.

A resource that reflects community members with similar values and shared norms interacting to create cohesion.

Social capital is the sum of quality and quantity of society’s social connections. Social capital is a prerequisite for developing the society economically and the development to be sustainable. It is the factor that binds society to work together for the development of the society as a whole ( http://www.worldbank.org/WEBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOSOCIALDEVELOP AU94: URL Validation failed because the page http://www.worldbank.org/WEBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOSOCIALDEVELOP does not exist (HTTP error 404). ).

Draws special emphasis on mutual trust and collaboration. It is the sum of potential and actual resources entrenched and derived from the network of relationships developed by an individual and social unit.

The value (trust, reciprocity, social and emotional support) that is generated from participation in formal and informal social network relationships.

Intangible value aggregated from social and organizational networks which can result in social and economic benefits to individuals and communities.

Shared values between individuals working together to achieve common goals.

Quality of group membership. Measured by for example, the frequency of face-to-face interactions with close friends, the number of offline acquaintances, sense of loneliness or lack thereof, community involvement, civic and political participation, and interpersonal trust.

This represents tangible and intangible resources that women remitters and malayishas draw from within the context of remittance transportation.

The capital, actual and potential, that is embedded in social relationships and networks. Pierre Bourdieu defines social capital as “the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalised relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition” (1986, p. 243).

Strong or weak relationships among people in a given community that can provide access to new information, resources, and support.

“Mainly a public good shared by a group and produced rather indirectly by investments of time and effort. It is related to mutual trust among individuals...Work organizations are increasingly considered to be key sources of social capital, emphasizing the importance of the social networks, partnerships, collaboration and interaction, and knowledge sharing they provide” (Kessels & Poell, 2004, p. 151).

Refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society’s social interactions. Social capital is the glue that holds them together.

Advantage got by being member of a social network

A form of capital that builds on, the relationship between the child and the parents, attention given by and the importance placed by parents on the child’s intellectual growth.

Social capital is a positive product of human interaction. The positive outcome may be tangible or intangible and may include useful information, innovative ideas, and future opportunities. In business terms, social capital is the contribution to an organization's success that can be attributed to personal relationships and networks, both within the organization and outside of it. The term social capital is also sometimes used to describe the personal relationships within a company that help build trust and respect among employees, leading to enhanced company performance (Kenton, 2019).

“The sum of the resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and relationship.” (Bourdieu & Wacquant 1992, p119)

The information, ideas, and resources available to an individual through the others with whom they have social relationships.

Access to and utilization of social networks for beneficial outcomes.

Intangible element inherent to family firms that allow the establishment of long-standing and trustful relationships with the immediate environment.

The connections at an organizational level, within different individuals and parts of the organization, and at interorganizational level and their ability to create and share knowledge.

Is an individual or group’s set of interpersonal relationships.

The relationship between members of a society who work together to function effectively for the benefit of the society.

The collective value of human networks in a society, group or partnership that is connected with a common goal, demographic or geographic sense.

The inclusion of democratic ideals in classroom practices to encourage positive social connections among students.

The social relations between individuals in the organization lay the foundation for the social capital of the organization.

Refers to the connections within and between social networks from which individuals obtain economic value.

Investment in social relations governed by norms of reciprocity.

Refers to connections among individuals to form social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them.

The resources available through and derived from the network of relationships possessed by an individual or social unit within an organization ( Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998 ).

Bandura’s notion of the ways in which individuals gain an understanding of the network of communities around them through learning.

Mutual reciprocity, trust, networking and support among a group of individuals.

Is a social science concept focused on the value of social networks that bond similar people and bridge between diverse people. This network of relationships establishes norms of reciprocity in a particular society that have the potential to secure benefits and invent solutions to problems.

Refers to the notion that social networks have value and that contributes to increase the productivity of individuals and contributes to socio-economic development.

The added potential for economic growth that stems from a population’s propensity to form societies, associations and organizations for business, civic, and recreational purposes.

The value inherent in relationships.

Is a system of affiliations amongst individuals who resides and work in a specific community and empowering them to effectively function.

Aggregates of actual and potential resources embedded in social relationships and interactions.

A cross-disciplinary concept referring to the benefits of social networks and connections. Social capital is constructed and maintained in the interaction between individuals or groups. Social networks promote different types of social capital: bonding –referring to horizontal ties between individuals-, bridging – referring to ties that cut across different communities- or linking –referring to vertical ties.

Consists of networks and interpersonal connections that aid in mobilizing graduates' pre-existing human capital and advancing them into the labor market. Graduates' access to, understanding of, and ability to take advantage of job prospects can be shaped and made more accessible by social capital.

Resources found in social relations that would benefit individuals and communities in the form of support, solidarity, access to information and influence.

The sum of the resources that are available to an individual by virtue of their social networks, which may be personal or professional in nature.

The making of connections with potential “pay off.”

A form of economic, political and social capital in which cooperation and services are accomplished for the common good.

The set of resources embedded within the relationships among actors within a network.

Refers to the community value of the social networks and the patterns of reciprocity that come up from these networks to do things for each other that can leverage initiatives or projects.

Refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society’s social interactions. Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society—it is the glue that holds them together (The World Bank).

The value associated with a person’s social network.

The sum of the actual and/or potential, virtual resources (including emotional and affective support), which are linked to the possession of a durable network of institutionalized or informal relationships of mutual acquaintance or recognition.

The degree to which individuals in a society collaborate and cooperate, through such mechanisms as networks, to achieve mutual benefits (Putnam, 2000).

Is a form of economic and cultural capital derived from interpersonal relationships, institutions, and other social assets of a society or group of individuals.

Networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit and take an investment of time and effort to establish and sustain.

Refers to a stock of resources that individuals acquire through their social connections, which generates personal benefits (e.g., social, economic, informational, etc.). Like other forms of capital, social capital is a resource that is cultivated and transmitted through the socialization process, and often passed down generationally.

The power and influence a person has due to their connections and reputation.

The value of networks and social relationships of an organization.

features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit (Putnam).

Social closeness, mutual knowledge, and cohesion that are a product of a wide assortment of different kinds of informal, volunteer, and partially-structured social interactions.

Summary of actual or virtual resources added to the individual or society through having a solid network.

It is an economic and social concept that deals with the relationships and connections between people and / or organizations that coexist with each other, generating economic benefits or competitive advantages that are used for the growth of those involved. Some of the elements considered are: reciprocity, trust, solidarity, cooperation, communication, cohesion and empowerment.

The process of teacher professional development from a viewpoint recognizing the intersection of the individual, cognitive and social aspects of teacher learning; the resources teachers can access through peer collaboration to support their ongoing learning.

Connections amongst individuals in the form of social networks, norms, and reciprocity.

Denotes goodwill, fellowship, help and sympathy among connections in a social network that yields benefits such as support, solidarity, and access to resource.

Relational resources having to do with connections among individuals that form networks of civic engagement, and the resulting norms of reciprocity and trust arising from the networks.

The set of resources, tangible or virtual, that accrue to an actor through the actor’s social relationships, facilitating the attainment of goals. In other words, social capital is the positive outcome of a social network.

Is a term used to reflect the norms, values, and networks as well as formal or informal relationship.

Social capital refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society’s social interactions. Social capital is the glue that holds them together.

A network of tangible and intangible links or relationships that coexists with other networks such as norms and values to enable cooperation in a group, community or society.

Assets and produced value, within networks, and by, networks, policies, citizens and services. It is a producer and an outcome of social, political, and cultural engagement and interactions.

“The Web of collaborative relationships between citizens that facilitate resolution of collective action problemsand, “those voluntary means and processes developed within civil society which promote development for the collective whole.”

The collection of qualities and practices among relationships that build trust and foster co-operation and mutual satisfaction

The social relations between individuals in the organization establish the basis of the social capital of the organization.

The networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.

Social capital refers generally to the organized relationships between people that lead them to value their connection to one another.

The networks of relationships among persons, firms, and institutions in a society, together with associated norms of behavior, trust, and cooperation that enable a society to function effectively.

The degree to which a community or society collaborates and cooperates (through such mechanisms as networks, shared trust, norms and values) to achieve mutual benefits.

That which arises from collegial respect to form the basis for collaborative work (Vuong & Staples, 2008).

A component of employability and is demonstrated through one’s social network and bonding relationships with others.

Assets used by individuals in the absence of financial and monetary capital to assist in accessing resources. Examples include familial relationships, social networks and clubs/societies.

The term social capital was originally introduced by social economists and it attempts to link social relationships to the creation of economic substance. In essence, social capital deals with the belief that “social relationships have value” (Putnam, cited in Smedlund, 2008 , p. 65). According to the literature, two general views regarding social capital exist ( Bakker et al., 2006 ). One belief declares mere social relations to be social capital, where the size of one’s social capital is measured by the number of ties one maintains. Burt (cited in Edelman et al., 2005 ) describes social capital as “know-who” and maintains it is about “everyone you now know, everyone you knew and everyone who knows you even though you do not know them” (p. 161). In addition, Smedlund (2008) maintains that social capital can be seen as “a collective good” located in the relations between people rather than in the people themselves (p. 65). The fundamental aspect of social capital reflects the need for individuals to connect with others in order to look for resources that they do not have at their own disposal ( Lesser & Prusak, 1999 ). Thus, in order to possess social capital, one has to be connected to others, and it is those others, who are the actual source of one’s advantage (Portes cited in Edelman et al., 2005 ). Nahapiet and Ghosal (cited in Järvenpää & Immonen, 2004 ) maintain that social capital has three dimensions namely: structural (signifying network ties and relationships, as well as the ease with which one can join and integrate into a network), cognitive (referring to a shared language and history) and relational (implying trust and norms, as well as responsibilities within a network). These dimensions enhance the enthusiasm and ability of organisations to exchange and transfer knowledge, therefore increasing their intellectual capital ( Widén-Wulff & Ginman, 2004 ; Järvenpää & Immonen, 2004 ).

Social attributes of a group which are of value to the group or to an individual within the group.

Robert Putnam, a key writer on social capital, defines social capital as the ‘connections among individuals—social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them’ as a resource that can be drawn upon the rebuilding or strengthening of communities. (Putnam 1995). From a community informatics perspective, social capital should also be defined as a community resource that is developed in partnering, rather than exploitative relationships with communities.

Networks of relationships among people who live in a society.

The social networks of influence and support that people have.

In financial terms, social capital basically comprises the value of social relationships and networks that complement the economic capital for economic growth of an organization.

Structure, content, and mechanisms of social relations; may have positive and negative outcomes. It explains the nature of social entrepreneurship and nonpecuniary mechanisms of performance, career development, and organizational sustainability.

Maintenance of network ties with other individuals, groups or organizations with the purpose of leveraging the social support of others to attain ones own goals. Social capital is most commonly divided in bonding social capital (strong network ties with family and close friends) and bridging social capital (weak networks ties governed by norms of reciprocity).

Social capital refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society's social interactions. Increasing evidence shows that social cohesion is critical for societies to prosper economically and for development to be sustainable. Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society – it is the glue that holds them together. Source: World Bank, 2011.

Networks of relationships among people within a specific group or relation.

Social capital is determinant in evolving the entrepreneurial capacity. The social capital construct emphasizes the significance of networks of robust, converging personal relationships matured over time that afford the basis for trust, cooperation, and collective action in social communities. Social capital is the accumulation of resources that are due to an individual or a group as a result of retaining a durable network of institutionalized interactions of mutual affiliation and appreciation. Social capital is also considered as a set of responsibilities, opportunities, and mutually developed norms and sanctions that develop from previous social collaborations. Social capital entails the access to and use of resources embedded in social networks that can be organized through intentional endeavor. There are various sources of social capital, especially for entrepreneurs, such as intentional connections, affinity, and community ties.

Social networks of family members, friends and close associates whose interventions and support usually facilitate achievements in many areas of life and living.

Here, it is used to mean an asset that a person or people can use as a resource towards the child’s welfare, including education. This includes institutions, relationships and practices that influence both the quality and quantity of social interactions.

‘Features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit’ ( Putnam, 1993 ).

The accumulated level of goodwill that exists within a social group or community, realized through shared norms and values that afford cooperation.

Refers to capital that is created and nurtured in social relations.

Connections within and between social networks, highlighting the value of social relations and the role of cooperation and confidence to get collective or economic results.

“By making connections with one another, and keeping them going over time, people are able to work together to achieve things that they either could not achieve by themselves, or could only achieve with great difficulty. People connect through a series of networks and they tend to share common values with other members of these networks; to the extent that these networks constitute a resource, they can be seen as forming a kind of capital” (Field, 2003, p.5).

The relationships, knowledge, skills, dispositions, actions, and/or privileges that afford someone the power to produce or reproduce inequitable social relationships or change their social relationships.

How a student acquires their knowledge of information and resources from individuals who are experienced in areas of the student’s interest. In this case, how students learn about college, the application process, and how to make informed postsecondary decisions.

The established social networks.

Social and professional relationships that aid in developing employability by bonding, bridging, and linking networks.

Refers to the community value of the social networks and the patterns of reciprocity that come up from these networks to do things for each other that can leverage initiatives or projects.

Value of networks and social relationships in an organization or firm.

Networks of social relationships among people in a society or organization.

The multifaceted relationships that teachers have within and across grade-level and subject-matter teams in a school or district.

Relationships, social bonds and connectedness that produce social outcomes.

Means generated from the extend and quality of a social network

The social relationships, networks, shared norms, and values that catalyze cooperation within or among groups for the economic growth of an organization.

Exposure, experiences, and/or personal connections in one’s sphere of influence that provide additional advantages and opportunities over others.

The connections at organizational level, within different individuals and parts of the organization, and at inter- organizational level and their ability to create and share knowledge.

Comprises the value of social relationships and networks of an organization.

A cross-disciplinary concept referring to the benefits of social networks and connections. Social capital is constructed and maintained in the interaction between individuals or groups. Social networks promote different types of social capital: bonding –referring to horizontal ties between individuals-, bridging – referring to ties that cut across different communities- or linking –referring to vertical ties.

The relationships, institutions, and norms of a society.

Resources one gains through networking with other social members in society, which also demonstrates how a person is conceptualized socially within the structural context.

Is an intangible asset which promotes individuals’ knowledge and skill acquisition through a Web of networks established within social structures.

Recent interest in the term social capital has its origins in the writings of Pierre Bourdieu (Schuller, Baron & Field, 2000). Bourdieu’s term ‘social capital’ was best articulated in his chapter ‘Forms of capital’ in 1983 (op. cit.), having remained often elusive and marginal in other works (op. cit.). The concept was defined as: “the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance or recognition” (Bourdieu cited Portes, 1998, p. 3). Bourdieu’s social capital focuses on the benefits accrued by individuals through participation in groups, including the purposive construction of sociability for social capital advantages (Portes, 1998). Actors, through social capital, can also gain access to economic capital (loans, markets) and cultural capital (through experts or others with cultural capital). James Coleman is also associated with the concept of ‘social capital’, and is best known for using the term in educational contexts (Schuller, Baron & Field, 2000). He also defines it in terms of a set of resources which facilitate the actions of actors. The resources comprise of entities which have as part of them some elements of social structures, but the resources facilitate acting within the structure. Coleman sees social relations as providing social capital resources through creating information channels, establishing obligations and social norms (op. cit). Robert Putnam’s work on social capital is currently the most cited across a range of disciplines and fields (op. cit). In Bowling Alone, a book that charted the decline in community organisations and civic engagement in the US, Putnam suggested that the core of social capital theory was that social networks have a value, with social contacts affecting group and individual productivity (Putnam, 2000). Putnam talks of norms of generalised reciprocity—that you do someone a favour and expect that someone else will do something for you later on. Schuller, Baron and Field (2000) also point out Putnam’s definition of social capital as involving aspects of social life—trust, norms and networks—which help people pursue joint objectives and act more effectively together. Putnam (2000) suggests computer mediated communication (CMC) can support dense, large and fluid groups across the boundaries of geography and organisations, and allow for networks based on shared interests instead of just shared space. He talks of CMC increasing people’s ‘intellectual capital’ as information is capable of being shared at virtually zero cost. But he also argues that a lack of social cues means that computer-based groups are generally worse at trust and reciprocity and may indulge in ‘flaming’ and disinhibited behaviour.

Degree of confidence that the elements of one community reveal between each other with real impact in their internal cohesion.

Intrinsic aspect of family firms that enables them to establish long-standing, fruitful, and quality relationships with potential stakeholders.

Creating and maintaining a network of friends, business, and personal acquaintances.

Institutions, relationships, attitudes and values that govern interactions among people and contribute to economic and social development (Grootdert and van Bastelaer, 2002).

It can be analyzed from two perspectives: accounting and sociology. As an accounting term, the share capital is the value of the assets or the money with which the members contribute to a company without right of return. Social capital implies the sociability of a human group, with the aspects that allow collaboration and its use. Sociologists emphasize that social capital is formed by social networks, by mutual trust and by effective norms, concepts that are not easy to define and which may vary depending on the analyst's point of view.

A generation of relationships with other entities, build partnerships and networks usually a result of a collaborative process (cf. Gruber, 1994 )

Social, economic, and political interactions oriented towards positive outcomes for the larger society. These interactions make it possible for increasing numbers of people to have basic/adequate health, education, employment, housing, and general welfare needs met.