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What is Information

Handbook of Research on ICTs and Management Systems for Improving Efficiency in Healthcare and Social Care
An organized set of data, referred to the same context, homogeneous.
Published in Chapter:
A Design Framework for a Market Intelligence System for Healthcare Sector: A Support Decision Tool in an Emergent Economy
George Jamil (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), Lorena Furbino (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), Leandro Santos (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), Marcus Alves (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), Rafael Santiago (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), and Silvia Loyola (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil)
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-3990-4.ch014
Abstract
The healthcare market is a dynamic sector, where marketing decisions are decisive and critical. Strategic and tactical planning demand data and information to produce knowledge, which will capacitate firms for business maneuvers as product positioning, pricing, and technological implementation for optimal business development. Marketing data and information must be provided from a variety of sources to produce knowledge, in a process that can be characterized as “organizational intelligence.” Collected contents from healthcare associated industrial sectors, such as chemical and pharmaceutical, have the potential to produce integrated value chain knowledge, improving analysis and decision processes. Approaching the healthcare market, a framework for an intelligence system for marketing decisions is discussed in this chapter. Initially reviewing the literature, a conceptual base is formed, which delimits the evaluation of intended framework. As an exam of practical marketing intelligence system application, case studies of real decisions observed in Brazilian market are done at the end of the chapter to evaluate how intelligence and knowledge, as conceptualized in the literature review, serve in typical healthcare marketing competition, as managerial support for problem solutions.
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Security of ICTs Supporting Healthcare Activities
It should be understood as data put in a context and treaties in agreement with personal or organizational needs, in order to accomplish these needs.
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Software Component Technology: Concepts, Design, and Management Method
when data become contextualized, calculated, its called information.
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Medical Informatics: Thirty Six Peer-Reviewed Shades
Is the result of processing, manipulating and organizing data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the receiver. In other words, it is the context in which data is taken.
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Patent Information Quality to Stimulate Innovations
A set of data arranged in a certain order and form, useful to people to whom it is addressed. Reduces uncertainty and supports decision-making. Information is considered to support human knowledge and communication in the technical, economic and social domains. Results from the structuring of data in a given context and particular purpose.
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Quantum Information Science and a Possible Domain for Future Information School
Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
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Education Leaders' Utilization of Information and Communication Technology for Development in Nigeria
This is facts provided or learned about something or someone. It could also mean what is conveyed or represented by a particular arrangement or sequence of things.
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Adoption and Use of ICTs by Livestock Keepers for Improved Access to Livestock Information: A Case of Selected Urban Areas in Tanzania
For the purpose of this study, livestock information is all facts, conclusions, ideas, and creative works related to livestock keeping.
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Implementing and Managing an Information Strategy Project: The Case of a Real Estate Broker Organization
A set of data arranged in a certain order and form, useful to people to whom it is addressed. Reduces uncertainty and supports decision-making. Information is considered to support human knowledge and communication in the technical, economic and social domains. Results from the structuring of data in a given context and particular purpose.
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Mastering Electronic Health Record in Global Health Care
The data that is specific and organized for a purpose.
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Information Literacy
This is the end product of processed and analyzed data, which contained meaning when communicated.
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Strategic Information Management: Implementing and Managing a Digital Project
A set of data arranged in a certain order and form, useful to people to whom it is addressed. Reduces uncertainty and supports decision-making. Information is considered to support human knowledge and communication in the technical, economic and social domains. Results from the structuring of data in a given context and particular purpose.
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Gender Differences in Access to and Use of ICTs in Nigeria
This is defined as processed data and facts to which meanings have been assigned for the purpose informed decision making that results in a change in behaviour or action as a result of its use or consumption.
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The Challenges of the COVID-19 Infodemic: Consequences and Information Management
Any factor that humans, living organisms, or automatic devices can use for more specific purposeful action. A message from sender to receiver, who interpretates it as the sender intends. Facts provided or learned about something or someone.
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Challenges and Implications of Health Literacy in Global Health Care
The data that is organized for a specific purpose and presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance.
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Development Trends of Information Systems
The second level of the semantic ladder. Information involves a measurement of some change that has taken place.
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Self-Normalizing Distance Learning Tools
Data that one gathers, processes, and transmits in order to add knowledge to a receiver.
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Quantum Information Science Vis-à-Vis Information Schools
Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
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Towards a General Theory of Information
Is a basic existence form, the third one after matter and energy.
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Modeling an Artificial Stock Market
A signal, message, or perception that produces an effect (a decision) on agents’ behavior or on their cognitive state.
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Big Data and Simulations for the Solution of Controversies in Small Businesses
Information is perceived data about the properties of existing objects. Information reduces uncertainty of the system.
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Leveraging Collective Wisdom to Impact Workplace Culture
Structured data with attached meaning, connection, and significance
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Knowledge Management for Production
Refers to quantitative, arranged, perceivable, and distinguishable (mental) units that have representations (signs). Long ago, Shannon defined information as the “reduction of uncertainty,” Wiener made a disctinction from matter and energy.
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Advances in Describing and Managing Our Environment
Knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction, a collection of facts or data.
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Use of Information Resources Among the Civil Service Exam Aspirants With Special Reference to Tamil Nadu, India
Information is any entity or form that resolves uncertainty or provides the answer to a question of some kind. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts.
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The Problem with People and Information Security
It should be understood as data put in a context and treaties in agreement with personal or organizational needs, in order to accomplish these needs.
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Information Ethics in the Context of Current Developments
It is the process in which data is processed with the help of information technologies and transformed into knowledge.
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Community Science and Technology and Its Meaning to Potential Requirement
In generally processed data is called Information. Though, clearly Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
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Information Visualization and Interface Culture
Organized data that increases the knowledge of the individual consuming it.
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Knowledge Management in Agro-Industrial Productive Chains: An Initial Discussion
The organizational component used in everything organizational activities and tasks.
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Knowledge Management in the Palestinian Public Sector
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Information and Its Conceptual Perspectives
The information as “data with value for decision making”. The description of this concept refers to the effect that information, such as reduction of uncertainty, we consider, as an example of how to process information.
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The Importance of Telemedicine in Global Health Care
The data that is specific and organized for a purpose.
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Advocating Information System, Information Integration, and Information Sharing in Global Supply Chain
The data that is accurate, specific, and presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance.
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Initiating Memory Institutions Convergence Through Digital Convergence in Indonesian World Heritage Sites
Crucial and abstract facts or information that may transmit meaning, enhance understanding, decrease ambiguity, or influence a person, system, or entity's status, beliefs, or actions.
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Walking the Information Overload Tightrope
Data communicated or received.
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User Information Needs in the Public Libraries in India
That which informs. In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts.
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Random Processes and Visual Perception: Stochastic Art
It is a form of data that is accurate and timely, specific and organized for a purpose, presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and can lead to an increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty.
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Promoting Health Literacy in Global Health Care
The data that is organized for a specific purpose and presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance.
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Creativity of End Users in Theory and in Practice
Technology (IT): Hardware and software that people use to support the information-processing needs of an organization.
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Research Data Management in an Academic Library
Information is a message or facts received or obtained about something.
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Information Distribution Decisions Supported by Argumentation
Any collection of ordered symbols, normally grouped in documents. Here we do not measure it nor discuss its philosophical nature.
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The E-Business Model Generator
Semantically enriched meaningful data (content) that can be interpreted and serve a purpose.
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The Concept of Disinformation
Something that represents some part of the world as being a certain way.
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The Social Potential of Media Literacy and Ways to Implement
The primary sense of it is any message, the message that is transmitted orally, in the written way, or by other sources (conditional signals, technical means, etc.).
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Information Security Awareness in Tourism Enterprises: Case of Turkish Manager Opinions
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Challenges for Education in the Information Society
A set of data arranged in a certain order and form, useful to people to whom it is addressed. Reduces uncertainty and supports decision-making. Information is considered to support human knowledge and communication in the technical, economic and social domains. Results from the structuring of data in a given context and particular purpose.
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Synthesis of MOF, MDA, PIM, MVC, and BCE Notations and Patterns
Message about something or communication of something; data processed by computer.
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Tacit Knowledge in Maker Spaces and Fab Labs: From Do It Yourself (DIY) to Do It With Others (DIWO)
A set of data arranged in a certain order and form, useful to people to whom it is addressed. Reduces uncertainty and supports decision-making. Information is considered to support human knowledge and communication in the technical, economic and social domains. Results from the structuring of data in a given context and particular purpose.
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Research on Cultural Factors in Global E-Learning
A message constructed in the form of any type of multimedia (such as text, audio, video, or animation) designed to organize and present content.
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Brain-Machine Interfaces: Advanced Issues and Approaches
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The Role and Integration of Digital Libraries in E-Learning
Data, facts, concepts or instructions which can be communicated and added to the knowledge of the person receiving it.
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The Call for Transformational Governance in the Knowledge Economy
Is categorized into five types: facts, concepts, processes, procedures, and principles. These are termed as artifacts.
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Technostress: Information Overload and Coping Strategies
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Contingency Factors Impacting the Rural Information and Communication Technology Hubs
One or more statements or facts that are received by a human and that have some form of worth to the recipient.
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E-Government and Local Service Delivery: The Case of Italian Local Governments
It is the most common stage of e-government, where governments establish an on line presence and post information for constituents on line regarding various aspects of their administrative, institutional and political activities.
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A Business Intelligence Maturity Evaluation Model for Management Information Systems Departments
Information is configured in a resource that assigns meaning to reality through its codes and data set. It also allows solving problems and making decisions, based on the rational use of this knowledge acquired through it.
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Organizational Learning and Technology
Documents, data, and structured messages.
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Information Needs of Users in the Tech Savvy Environment and the Influencing Factors
Information is an assemblage of data in a comprehensible form capable of communication and use.
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E-Business Value Creation, Platforms, and Trends
Semantically enriched meaningful data (content) that can be interpreted and serve a purpose.
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Big Data, Who Are You?
It consists of interpreted data, and has discernible meaning. It lies in descriptions and answers questions like “Who?” “What?” “When?” and “How many?”
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Exploring the Relation between the Use of HRIS and their Implementation in Spanish Firms
Data placed in a meaningful and useful context for an end user (O’Brien et al., 2005 AU21: The in-text citation "O’Brien et al., 2005" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. ).
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Information Strategy: Implementing and Managing a Digital Strategy in a Portuguese Company
A set of data arranged in a certain order and form, useful to people to whom it is addressed. Reduces uncertainty and supports decision-making. Information is considered to support human knowledge and communication in the technical, economic and social domains. Results from the structuring of data in a given context and particular purpose.
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Communication, Information, and Pragmatics
Structured, organized data. It is composed by syntax and semantics, that is, with reference to a code and to a given meaning.
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iSchools Promoting “Information Science and Technology” (IST) Domain Towards Community, Business, and Society With Contemporary Worldwide Trend and Emerging Potentialities in India
Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
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Re-Establishing the School in the Light of Information Technology
All the means that allow the dissemination of information and news in a particular area and in a particular community. A set of structured data.
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Media Development Trends as a Counter for Terrorism in Ukraine
Knowledge about something, regardless of the form of their presentation.
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Information Architecture as an Enabler for Business Development: A Case Study
Knowledge or facts learned, especially about a certain subject or event, within a known context.
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The Fundamentals of Health Literacy
The data that is organized for a specific purpose and presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance.
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An Overview of Web 2.0 and Its Technologies and Their Impact in the Modern Era
It is a set of data that aims to reduce uncertainty or deepen the knowledge on a subject of interest based on what already exists. It constitutes a message about a particular phenomenon or event. Information makes it possible to solve problems and make decisions, taking into account that its rational use is the basis of knowledge.
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Data Analytics: Challenges and Opportunities for the Family Business
Information is a resource in a large data environment that allows the organization to improve business value and organizational performance.
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Process-Based Data Mining
Interpreted symbols and symbol structures that reduce both uncertainty and equivocality over a defined period of time.
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Fuzzy Expert System in Agriculture Domain
Available resources like survey on experimental data, literature maps, digital form of photographs.
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Facilitating Active Learning among Adult Learners
Knowledge concerning a fact, phenomenon, or circumstance.
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Aspects of Information Tailoring in the 21st Century
The factual, objective, and non-judgmental composition of data pieces.
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I-Schools and the Present Worldwide Trend and the Indian Scenario
Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
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Informatics Truth: News Media in the Post-Truth Era
It is the sum of thought and reality outputs communicated, disseminated, informed, or broadcast.
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A Digital Library for Researchers, Scientists, and Scholars: Mendeley Desktop Application
Information are verified or process data about events, observations, things, procedures, people, processes, or phenomena that can lend itself to meaningful conclusions.
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The Fundamentals of Human-Computer Interaction
The data that can be stored in and retrieved from a computer.
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The Portuguese University: Knowledge Leverage towards Innovation
It identifies a scientific object consisting in a structured set of codified mental and emotional representations (signs and symbols), created in a specific social context and moulded by social interaction, which can be recorded in any material medium (paper, film, compact disc, magnetic tape, etc.) and, therefore, communicated in an asynchronous and multidirected way. It is also considered as explicit knowledge.
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Optimizing Knowledge Management During Crises
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Information Technology Strategy in Knowledge Diffusion Lifecycle
Knowledge that can be transmitted without loss of integrity once the syntactical rules required for deciphering it are known ( Nonaka, 1994 ).
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Interaction Model in Groupware Use for Knowledge Management
A flow of messages, results from placing data within some meaningful content.
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Fake News, Hate Speech and Nigeria's Struggle for Democratic Consolidation: A Conceptual Review
Text/audio/visual content or message disseminated over the media to reach a target.
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Redefining Public Library Reach Through New Outreach Service Delivery Models
It is the answer to a question of some kind. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts.
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Decision Making in IoT Systems Based on Guided Self-Organization and Autonomic Computing in the Context of the I4.0 Era
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The Needle in the Haystack: How Information Overload Is Impacting Society and Our Search for Truth
Text, images, and/or sound conveyed to create meaning, a message, or facts. Examples of information: a book, an article, and a Facebook post.
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Visualization of Big Data Sets Using Computer Graphics
Knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction, a collection of facts or data.
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Assessment Approach of Enterprise Readiness to Digital Transformation
Facts about persons, objects, events, phenomena, and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation.
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How Fablabs Manage the Knowledge They Create
A set of data arranged in a certain order and form, useful to people to whom it is addressed. Reduces uncertainty and supports decision-making. Information is considered to support human knowledge and communication in the technical, economic and social domains. Results from the structuring of data in a given context and particular purpose.
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Information Architecture: Case Study
Greatest asset of modern organizations. If well managed and used, will create the expected differential and higher returns for organization.
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Toward a Convergence of Memory Institutions in the Indonesian Presidential Library
Crucial and abstract facts or information that may transmit meaning, enhance understanding, decrease ambiguity, or influence a person, system, or entity's status, beliefs, or actions.
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Application of Blockchain in Libraries and Information Centers
Processed data based on which decisions and actions are made. An organised or classified data, which has some meaningful values for the receiver.
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Geography of the Information Society
A category of significant concepts absorbed by the human brain which normally alter our state of knowledge.
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Digitally-Enabled Design Management
Data presented with meaning to aid decision making (Bennett et al., 2010 AU227: The in-text citation "Bennett et al., 2010" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. ).
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Knowledge Workers, Librarians, and Safety: Opportunities for Partnership
The published literature (i.e., journal articles, books, and popular press) and institutional materials (i.e., policies, maintenance guides, forms), not organizational raw data or patient records. Although it is recognized that a fully realized and systemic approach to knowledge transfer would include access and use of data repositories, they are not traditionally the domain of librarians to manage (for an entire organization) and therefore are outside the scope of this commentary.
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Automation of Marketing Processes and the Discovery of Knowledge for CRM
Information is perceived data about the properties of existing objects. Information reduces uncertainty of the system.
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Trends in Contemporary Record Management
Anything that add to existing knowledge. It can be positive/negative, conscious or unconscious.
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Effectiveness of Reference Models for Knowledge Organization Systems: A Cross-Analysis of Requirements
Any type of knowledge that can be exchanged. In exchange, it is represented by data. An example is a string of bits (the data) accompanied by a description of how to interpret the string of bits as numbers representing temperature observations measured in degrees Celsius (the Representation Information) ( Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, 2012 , p. 1-12).
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Open Access to Knowledge and Challenges in Digital Libraries
Considered as a fourth resource, which facilitates effective utilization of other essential resources.
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Education 5.0 in the Context of Teaching Accounting
Can be defined, in the context of Education 5.0, as data, facts, knowledge, and content that is relevant, accurate, and meaningful for learning and problem-solving. It is not just about the accumulation of data but also about its transformation into valuable knowledge and insights. It includes various forms of contents that both educators as learners may use to acquire, process, and apply knowledge in innovative and personalized ways. Information in Education 5.0 is typically accessed and distributed through digital technologies, enabling more flexible and tailored learning experiences.
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The Syndemic and One Health Nature of Pandemics: Arguments for Renewed Attention to Intelligence Management
Facts that have been arranged and/or transformed to provide the basis for interpretation and conversion into knowledge.
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From Information Governance to IT Governance: An Overview of Issues and Frameworks for Large Organizations
An asset, like other business assets which have value to an organization and that needs to be suitably protected.
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Teaching Media and Information Literacy in the 21st Century
The facts or data conveyed or represented via various media.
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Combining Local and Global Expertise in Services
Refers to data that give meaning by reducing ambiguity, equivocality, or uncertainty, or data that indicate that conditions are not presupposed (Huber, 1991).
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Adaptive Business Intelligence
“Organized data,” which are preprocessed, cleaned, arranged into structures, and stripped of redundancy.
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Role of Public Libraries in Building Knowledge Society
Answer to a question of some kind. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts.
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