What is Culture

The set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional features of a society or a social group. Culture encompasses art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions, behaviours, and beliefs.

An ever-emerging social system of values, beliefs, practices, discourses, and constructed knowledge.

A pattern of responses discovered, developed, or invented during the group's history of handling problems which arise from interactions among its members, and between them and their environment.

The common values and paradigms that individuals share with each other across the various communities and contexts they encounter in the workplace.

The ideas, activities (e.g., art, foods, businesses), and ways of behaving that are special to a country, people, or region. In this article, it is also used to refer to ways of behaving that are special to an organization.

The shared philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes, and norms that people have in common with others in a community.

The body of knowledge of and manners acquired by an individual; the shared customs, values, and beliefs which characterize a given social group, and which characterize a given social group, and passed down from generation to generation.

Characteristics and knowledge specific to a group of people that become patterns with socialization.

A set of discernible assumptions, attitudes, conceptualizations, and values possessed by members of a specific group that is considered important enough to be actively transmitted to the next generation through socialization and communication involving symbols, narratives, stories, and a recalled past.

A system of common behaviors, beliefs, history, language, traditions, etc. shared across members of a given community.

The way things are done and transferred to following generations. It can be a culture of race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender identity, sexual orientation, or social class identification.

The entrenched behaviour and norms of a social group or context.

Consists of different value preferences that influence communication interaction and how people create meaning.

Atmosphere and environment created by faculty, staff, and students that demonstrates norms and values of an organization.

The manner in which people are socialized into an existing way of being; how new people are taught to function in an organization.

The shared behaviors, values, and practices of a social group. It involves the meaning attached to and the complexities that govern social interactions.

Culture is defined as the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society.

Beliefs or values embraced by a particular group of people.

It is a very complex and traditionally hard to define construct. It defies a single all-purpose definition; it can be described best by taking consensus of the previous decades’ findings. According to an extensive analysis done in 2009 by Helen Spencer-Oatey and Peter Franklin, Culture is manifested through different types of regularities, some of which are more explicit than others, Culture is associated with social groups, but no two individuals within a group share exactly the same cultural characteristics, culture affects people’s behaviour and interpretations of behaviour, and culture is acquired and/or constructed through interaction with others. ( Spencer-Oatey, & Franklin, 2009 ).

This refers to the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors that are shared by a group or people but that differ for every individual and that are communicated from one generation to another. Culture, like gender, affects virtually every aspects of life. A culture consists of structures and practices that uphold a particular social order by legitimizing certain values, expectations, meanings, and patterns of behavior. To explore this supposition, it is helpful to consider how culture creates and sustains more basic values, democracy, and then how culture upholds the gender practices ( Wood, 2003 , p.28).

Culture is the set of moral and material values that makes a society different from other societies, that continues from the past by changes, that ensures order in the society which it has provides an identity and a sense of solidarity and unity.

A complex entity of cognitions, shared by the members of a social group. Basically determined by values, which are understood to direct individual behavior.

The pattern of thought, belief, behavior, practices, and norms of a group of people or organization.

Set of values, traditions, customs, rituals, artifacts, knowledge, ideas, etc., that characterize a people, a social class, a time, etc.

A complex way of life shared and practiced by a particular group of people, such as languages, arts, beliefs, values, behaviors and symbols. It is a changeable and fluid concept.

The dynamic and evolving relationship between a people, the land and the cosmos.

The characteristics of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and art.

According to Duckworth (2016) , “Culture is shared norms and values of a group of people.”

It refers to the behaviour that needs to be cultivated among people for the benefit of the organisation they belong to, which is generally acquired through learning or experience and transmitted to others through social learning.

Covers the pattern of basic assumptions accepted and used about behaviors, norms, and values within an organization.

The everyday system, mechanism, or pattern, which is established or constructed by people in the term of the existence of the self in the world.

Is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others and causes them to display more or less the same behavior in similar situations.

Culture, in this article, is defined as overall traits of any society or nations which can distinctly identify their characteristics to develop a unique identity.

Values, beliefs, social norms, customs, and material traits of a group of people.

Patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Different definitions of “culture” reflect different theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. Consists of values, norms, institutions, and artifacts passed on from generation to generation by learning.

The collective values, norms, attitudes, traditions, beliefs, ways of doing things, shared by a group of people.

A hybrid, fluid, and complex constellation of intersecting and changing elements of one’s identity including, but not limited to, race/ethnicity, class, gender, sexual orientation, ability, language, religion, and community membership.

The collection of multidimensional and intersectional identities.

The shared identity of an organization that is both fluid and enduring. Identity is influenced by both the internal and external environment as well as outliers, norms, values, and structures.

Another important aspect of 21st century skills, and it refers to the shared values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people. Culture includes things like language, art, and religion, and it shapes the way that people think and behave.

The totality of an individual’s background, heritage, and way of life.

The characteristics, beliefs, knowledge, customs, arts, religious, social habits, language, etc. of and shared by a particular group of people.

People’s values, norms, beliefs, social activities, and material life.

A set of values that are have been in practiced for a long time in a particular community and viewed as form part and parcel of identity of such community.

Shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and interpretations or meanings of significant events that result from common experiences of members of collectives and are transmitted across age generations.

Culture can be defined as a distinct set of beliefs, values, traditions, and behaviors that exists in a society.

A way of social life. A set of rules used by people to shape their social actions and relationships in their social life.

The ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society.

Attributes and familiarity of a particular group of people, encircling language, religious conviction, marriage, communal routines, songs, arts, and a million other things.

The way in which racial, religious, or social groups live, believe, and practice customs.

Culture is a social construction of values and power relations—used in this study to discuss the power involved in computer literacy for speakers of English as a second language.

The ideas, customs, social behaviour, technology, beliefs, etc. of a particular or society.

The identity of a civilization, a nation, a society. Their values, tradition, heritage, and ways.

The beliefs, values, customs, and social norms of a group of people.

The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.

The habitats, traditions, and beliefs of a country or group of people and, thus, we can consider that there is a tourist culture.

The ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people (for ex: workers in an organization) or society.

In EFL teaching, culture is defined as comprehensive and ever-changing elements of tangible and intangible aspects like traditions, customs, and artifacts to values, beliefs, attitudes, and thought patterns of a particular language community.

The attitudes, beliefs, values, and customs that distinguish a particular group.

Socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought.

The way a particular group of people interacts daily, their values, their traditions, their norms, and their perspective of world values.

The organizing principles of a social group for defining concepts and relationships in an environment.

The ideals, values, symbols and behaviors of human societies that create a distinctive identification.

The sum of a social group’s observable patterns of behavior, customs, and way of life.

A system of common behaviors, beliefs, history, language, traditions, etc. shared across members of a given community.

The ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people (e.g., workers in an organization) or society.

A set of distinguishable patterns of human behavior that is built through social learning.

The norms, values, beliefs, languages, and artifacts of a particular group of people.

It is the sum of the national identity values that the nations carry with them from past to present that differentiate them from other nations, and foster them to have a unique structure.

Total way of life of people which includes: political, social, economic, religious, and education.

Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e., historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; cultural systems may on the one hand be considered as products of action, on the other as conditioning elements of further action.

Social system that provides a framework for shared expectations and values, and accepted ways which people live and operate in a shared context with others.

Long standing traditions, ideas, or norms that are prevalent throughout a population.

Values, beliefs, traditions, customs, language shared within a group and intergenerational.

Represents different value preferences that influence communication interaction and how people create meaning.

A fluid and context-dependent set of values, norms, and beliefs of an individual or group that may or may not be connected with their languages, country of origin, religion, or other identities.

Patterns of thinking, feeling, and potential acting learned throughout a lifetime, and applicable to groups of people often from the same nation state.

The written and unwritten expectations that an organization of people agree to follow.

Defined as the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time.

The shared attitudes, beliefs, practices and values that characterize a group.

Pertains to the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society.

The knowledge, beliefs, customs, morals, traditions and habits of African people. It defines the people’s heritage and helps in personal and national development.

A shared set of beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior learned and taught by socialization. It serves as a guidance for the members of the culture about what is right and wrong, what deeds and interactions shall or shall not be appreciated or punished.

Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a group of people or society, which encompasses language, customs and the spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional elements of everyday life.

A pattern of shared assumptions learned by a group as it has solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and is taught to new members as the correct way you perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems.

A set of discernible assumptions, attitudes, conceptualizations, and values possessed by members of a specific group that is transmitted through socialization and communication involving key symbols, narratives and stories, and a recalled past.

A way in which a group of people live in a particular community.

the shared attitudes, beliefs, practices and values that characterize a group.

The shared and learned psychological patterns and social interactions related to understanding and reacting to environmental stimuli.

The sum of attitudes, customs, and beliefs that distinguishes one group of people from another.

The shared customs, expressions, institutions, attitudes, and values that characterize a group of people.

Set of beliefs and attitudes.

The shared values, beliefs, and norms contributing to the climate of an organization; including underlying assumptions held by members of an organization, and values.

The set of material or immaterial aspects that define a way of life (values, customs, history, traditions, rituals, beliefs, symbols and languages, instruments and consumer goods, laws, codes and norms, social activities and practices, and institutions).

Culture is a holistic, learned, and relative system that shapes behavior, identity, and group cohesion. It is acquired from one generation to the next and affects individuals’ perception and organization of their lives while adapting to change. Similar to an iceberg, culture has visible and hidden aspects, including core values and beliefs that are less prone to change (Department of Education, University of Oxford, n.d. AU65: The in-text citation "University of Oxford, n.d." is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. ).

Ways of thinking or modes of behavior.

The unique way of life of a group of people which encompasses religion, language, behavior, communication style, food, music, and art.

The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes members of one group or category of people from another.

The cumulative knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, norms, and so forth, of a group of people living in a particular environment.

A culture is defined as a group or community that shares common experiences that shape the way they understand the world.

Culture shapes how people live, interact, and interpret the world around them as well as what people value.

The unique way of life of a group of people which encompasses religion, language, behavior, communication style, food, music, and art.

The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. These patterns, traits, and products considered as the expression of a particular period, class, community, or population.

The ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society.

The total way of life of members of a society, which includes values, norms, habits, ideas experience etc., that are learned, shared and transmitted from through generations.

Refers to the entire way of life for a group of people. It consists of the values, beliefs, and norms, which influence the behavior of the group.

Culture is a term that refers to the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, and includes language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and the arts.

Values, attitudes, and norms of workers.

A body of people who experience the same races, ethnicities, origins, experiences, traditions, values, and orientations.

The term culture has a literal, etymological acceptation, that makes a reference directly to the farming or cultivating, to the growth of land, and another extensive meaning that alludes to the growth of the qualities and skills of the human being. This is the metaphorical sense that corresponds to the training or education. In relation to this meaning a well-bred person will be therefore well informed (or educated).

It is a way of life formed by the learned behaviors shared among the members of a society and passed on to the next generations.

The collective programming of the mind that builds on shared norms and values (adapted from Hofstede, 1980).

The manifold ways of perceiving and organizing the world that are held in common by a group of people and passed on interpersonally and inter-generationally.

the shared attitudes, beliefs, practices and values that characterize a group.

Sets of socially transmitted ways of thinking, feeling, interacting, and communicating through shared value in traditions and customs distinguishing members of one organization from another (Hofstede, 1994 AU59: The in-text citation "Hofstede, 1994" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. ; Kluckhohn, 1951 ; Lustig & Koester, 2003 ; Wohl, 2012 ).

Beliefs, values, norms, language, ways of behaving, art, dance, knowledge, communication styles, and understandings of a group of people who transmit the shared ways by socializing new generations.

The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. Can also be the characteristic features of everyday existence shared by people in a place or time.

It is the total way of life of a people which involves ideas, customs, traditions, beliefs, bahaviour, laws, norms, and indeed a total worldview of a people in a particular society.

The lens through which a person views relationships, situations, social events, and interactions based on prevalent socio- economic and political environment.

It is the total way of life of a people which involves ideas, customs, traditions, beliefs, bahaviour, laws, norms, and indeed a total worldview of a people in a particular society.

Refers to the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group from another.

The accumulated knowledge that people use to interpret their world and generate social behavior.

A relatively stable system of shared meanings, a repository of meaningful symbols, which provides structure to experience (Kashima, 2000)

A set of values, norms, and ethics shared by a group of people. It distinguishes one group from another.

The set of beliefs, attitudes, and behavior pattern shared by members of a particular society and passed on from one generation to the next.

The values, traditions, and behaviors that are found within a given society.

We understand culture as the shared complex system of language, value system, norms, religion, myths, beliefs, manners, behavior, and structure which is characteristic of a society or part of it.

A unique set of realities based on shared knowledge, beliefs, customs, experiences, and behaviors.

The values, norms, and beliefs of a society. Our culture can be considered a lens through which we undergo the world and develop a shared meaning of what occurs around us.

How things are produced and what the requirements are of that product. Culture is manifested in a variety of ways in an organization through its communication styles, leadership behaviors, and reinforcement or punishment of performance.

Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Culture often originated from or is attributed to a specific region or location.

The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. These patterns, traits, and products considered as the expression of a particular period, class, community, or population.

The collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.

According to van den pol is generally defined as a total of meanings and knowledge that human beings required to operate in a certain situation, for example, understanding of language, practices, rituals, views, values and norms, etc.

The characteristics and knowledge of a group of people are referred to as culture, which includes language, religion, cuisine, and social customs.

The characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. It also means the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. Culture consists of activities such as the arts and philosophy, which are considered to be important for the development of civilization and of people's minds.

The way groups of people identify through language and customary practices.

We have not provided a deep definition of culture and are, instead, largely concerned with its surface manifestations: particularly, in the ways that politeness is reasoned about and its effects on behavior. “Culture”, then, as far as we are concerned, is a characteristic pattern of situations in which more or less politeness is required or expected by the people who share the culture, combined with a characteristic pattern of behaviors (e.g., verbal, non-verbal and extra-verbal patterns) which can be used to provide or satisfy those expectations. We largely begin with the politeness model of Brown and Levinson (1987), which claims to be culturally universal, but are extending it to provide a more cognitive grounding combined with behavioral expectations. We suspect that some aspects of culture may be characterized by common, deep-seated attitudes (e.g., Hofstede, 1987) and decision making styles or methods (e.g., Nisbett, 2003), which combine to make various behaviors more or less likely in context, but our primary interest has been in how such “deep” cultural factors may characteristically interact with politeness to yield predictable behaviors in response to directives.

The set of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour pattern shared by members of a particular society and passed on from one generation to the next.

The ideas, activities (art, foods, businesses), and ways of behaving that are special to a country, people, or region. In this article, it is also used to refer to ways of behaving that are special to an organization.

Sets of socially transmitted ways of thinking, feeling, interacting, and communicating through shared value in traditions and customs distinguishing members of one organization from another (Hofstede, 2001, Kluckhohn, 1951; Lustig & Koester, 2003; Wohl, 2012).

Values in use that have emerged over time that can be quite different from the espoused or official values of the organisation.

Is the manifold ways of perceiving and organizing the world that are held in common by a group of people and passed on interpersonally and inter-generationally.

A set of shared values, understandings, assumptions and goals that are learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society and passed on to succeeding generations.

The collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others.

Beliefs, ideas, habits, and behaviors of a group or society that have been created .

The social behavior of individuals or people. In the context of this discussion, it is a shared pattern of behavior and interaction by the people concerned. One unique feature of culture is that it is learned and individuals who share the same culture maintain an identity in relations to their shared beliefs.

Variations amongst human groups, defined by their beliefs, practices, religion, arts and customs.

The way of life of a group of people manifested in their customs, beliefs and practices.

Refer to the way of life particularly the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time in Tanzania.

The shared attitudes, beliefs, practices, and values that characterize a group.

Customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization.

Ways of thinking or modes of behavior.

The social norms in an organization that dictate what is accepted behavior, though often not explicitly stated or recorded.

All physical and abstract values that are transmitted from generation to generation and that separate communities from each other.

It is the set of rules of action that identify an organization. It is the way of showing itself internally and externally. These rules are defined to align the behaviors of its members. It is shown through tangible elements (infrastructure, spaces, behaviors) and not tangible (values and principles).

It can broadly be defined as an organized set of thoughts, beliefs, and norms for interaction and communication among people, which may influence perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors (Ingraham & Meyers, 2000).

Everything made by humans, including tangibles and intangibles.

Traditions, customs, and language(s) of the group(s) with which a person identifies.

Information and meaning that can be pass on from one generation to the other.

Customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; a stable set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization.

The collective customs, arts, social institutions, or a particular group.

includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and many other capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of a society.

Created by human hands, minds, and feelings. Culture is divided into material (world of things) and spiritual (world of knowledge, values, and symbols).

It is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others and causes them to display more or less the same behavior in similar situations.

The knowledge, values, attitudes, and traditions that guide the behavior of a group of people and allow them to solve the problems of living in their environment.

A structure of values, beliefs, norms, symbols, traditions, customs and meanings that have been learned, adopted and shared from the past to the present, giving a society a different identity from other societies.

The collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others and causes them to display more or less the same behavior in similar situations.

Values, beliefs that nurture trust, communication among all individuals in the organization and motivate employees. Leaders also play a role in developing these norms in order to create and sustain a learning context wherein skills development is fundamental.

A process of constructing shared meaning and is based on a unique human capacity for self-consciousness and awareness of others.

A set of discernible assumptions, attitudes, conceptualizations, and values possessed by members of a specific group that is transmitted through socialization and communication involving key symbols, narratives, stories, and a recalled past.

The collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others and causes them to display more or less the same behavior in similar situations.

This refers to a property, object, behavior, language, etc that is commonly shared by a group of people which sufficiently distinguishes them from others.

A set of specific beliefs, customs, values and norms widely adopted in one society, that shapes the behavior of its members.

Acquired knowledge that is used to interpret experiences and generate social behavior.

The beliefs, values, customs, and artifacts of an institution.

Sets of socially transmitted ways of thinking, feeling, interacting, and communicating through shared value in traditions and customs distinguishing members of one organization from another (Hofstede, 2001, Kluckhohn, 1951; Lustig & Koester, 2003; Wohl, 2012).

It is a set of norms, values, customs, and traditions shared by a group of people and reflected in human behavior.

Socially taught shared patterns of behavior and cognitive frameworks, as well as, their comprehension and interaction, own by a group of people or society. Religion, what we wear, how we wear it, what we believe is right or bad, how we greet visitors, and so on all fall under the category of culture.

A collective phenomenon defined as the set of underlying assumptions, norms, behaviors, and beliefs that are shared by members of a group.

‘Culture’ is knowledge encoded in symbol systems in the form of ideas, processes and products ( Csikszentmihalyi, 1996 ) including in science, the arts, media, religion, and languages. Examples of ideas include scientific theories (e.g., gravity, general and special relativity, evolution) and also literary and media characters and narratives (Sherlock Holmes, Anna Karenina, Harry Potter); examples of processes include cognitive processes: writing an email, having a conversation, reading a book and in science, pasteurization; examples of cultural products include the hand-axe, the spear, the wheel, words, books, movies, songs, the printing press, the telescope, the microscope, the car, the computer and iPod. As there is no culture without biology a synonym for ‘culture’ is ‘bioculture’.

The customs, ideas, and social behaviour of a particular society or an imdividual.

Customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization.

The shared attitudes, beliefs, practices and values that characterize a group.

A broad concept that encompasses the beliefs, knowledge, language, lifestyle, norms, practices, skills, traditions, and values shared by a group of people.

The lifeways of a group of people, including their language, religion, customs, dress, foods, etc.

It is composed of the values, traditions, worldview, common history, geographic location, language, social class, religion, beliefs, social and political transmitted ways of thinking (Gollnick & Chinn, 2013; Nieto & Bode, 2012; Peregoy & Boyle, 2013).

The being and doing translated into the subjective perspectives and behavioural stances of life of natives.

Culture represents a set of shared values that influence social perceptions, attitudes, preferences and responses toward a given object or behavior.

An integrated system of shared values, beliefs, norms, behaviors in a given society (group of people), transmitted from generation to generation.

A set of values and principles, or collective programming, which characterizes a group of people and distinguishes it from another group of people.

A collection of symbols and norms that affect how humans gather, organize, and process information.

A complex concept that encompasses knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs and any other practices or habits adopted by human beings as members of a society.

includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and many other capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of a society.

Local social norms.

Customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; a stable set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization.

The beliefs, values, social perspective, traditions, customs, and language shared within a group which is passed down from generation to generation.

Set of shared attitudes, ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular society.

The customs and key indicators of socially accepted norms of a society.

The beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that constitute a person’s way of life.

The capacity of human beings to classify, codify, and communicate their experiences symbolically so that they can be available to future generations.

The totality of material and immaterial creations of mankind. The culture of an organization represents a way of working in an organization and reflects the culture of the environment in which the organization operates, expressed in the prevailing habits and criteria of right and wrong.

Consists of different value preferences that influence communication interaction and how people create meaning.

Way of life of a group, people, or nationality.

Created by human hands, minds, and feelings. The division of culture takes place materially (the world of things) and spiritually (the world of knowledge, values, symbols).

It is all of the material and spiritual elements that play an active role in maintaining the continuity of a certain society from past to present and that are shaped by social development.

by the term ‘culture’, we mean here the normal behaviour, values and assumptions that distinguish one group of people from another.

Is defined as ‘a complex system of concepts, attitudes, values, beliefs, conventions, behaviours, practices, rituals, and lifestyles of the people who make up a cultural group, as well as the artifacts they produce and the institution they create’ ( Liddicoat et al., 2003 , p. 45).

a set of traits that are shared by the community and are transmitted

The way groups of people identify through language and customary practices.

Group of traditions, social behavior, ideas and attitudes of a particular society.

One of the premiumness categories including codes such as readability of the expiration date, presence of transparent window, etc. that are linked with Turkish culture.

Source: Hofstede (1997): “The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.”

Consists of different value preferences that influence communication interaction and how people create meaning.

The interactive aggregate of common characteristics that influence a human group’s response to its environment, determines the identity of a human group in the same way as personality determines the identity of an individual.

A people’s way of life, consisting of habits and tendencies to act in certain ways. This comprises their language patterns, values, beliefs, customs and world view.

A lens through which life is perceived. Each culture, through its differences generates a phenomenologically different experience of reality. Thus, the same situation may be experienced and interpreted very differently, depending on the cultural backgrounds of the individuals involved ( Diller & Moule, 2005 , p. 5).

The sum of total ways of living and shared set of values within a community.

The beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time.

Values that support the organization’s purpose, strategy, or identity. Ambler et al. and Barrow (1996 AU6: The in-text citation "Barrow (1996" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. ) suggest culture is in place as a result of the employment image developed by the organization, and serves to help promote the employment image.

All aspects of human life such as language, education, gender, ethnicity, geography, politics, etc. that affect thinking and behaviors.

A set of discernible assumptions, attitudes, conceptualizations, and values possessed by members of a specific group that is considered important enough to be actively transmitted to the next generation through socialization and communication involving key symbols, narratives and stories, and a recalled past.

are beliefs, knowledge, low, morals, customs and habits that are specific and acquired by man as member of the society.

The customs, beliefs, and social behaviour of a particular group of people.

Culture is software of the mind (Hofstede, 1997, p. 4). An individual’s mental programs are a result of the social environment where one grew up and gathered one’s life experiences. According the American Psychological Association (2008) Culture is a belief system that consists of values that, in turn, influence socialization practices, psychological processes, and organizations. Culture is also a worldview or a cognitive metaschema, influencing how a person interacts with the world, including people and technologies.

A general, but elusive way of living that a community mutually establishes that is usually associated with being, but not necessarily traditional. Culture tends to be generally accepted and upheld as the norm by community members and the behaviour of community members is governed by such a culture.

It means the total ways of life of the people in a particular society. It is the sum total of man’s possession comprising language, arts, religion, technology and other attributes which are acquired by man in the society and are transmitted from one generation to another.

1. The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. 2. The ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society.

The lifeways, values, and mores within a group of people that shape their beliefs and practices.

Includes the customary beliefs, forms of expression, and material traits of a particular racial group situated within certain geographical location and within certain time.

Interactions and campus protocols that influence the student experience.

In MAS, we use the term “culture” to denote the subjective elements that are shared by a group of minds, i.e. collective interpretations, social norms, ontologies, common or shared knowledge, etc.

A group of shared beliefs, dispositions, principles, and behaviors bringing to life the shared aspects and the frame of references of a specific group.

In this chapter, a culture is seen as an accumulation of elements produced, or integrated and possibly adapted by a cultural group

It is a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behaviour.

This term is used in conjunction with both inclusion and classroom such as “culture of inclusion” and “classroom culture.” From an ethnographic perspective, culture is defined as the beliefs, behaviors, and characteristics of a specific social group, in this case the ECEs. The ECEs are also part of a larger culture sharing group which encompasses people who are part of the immediate classroom context including children, and the classroom team who may consist of an educational assistant (EA), speech language assistant (SLA), speech language therapist (SLP), occupational therapist (OT), physical therapist (PT) or family-school liaison (FSL). The culture sharing group may also include those on the periphery, such as parents and other colleagues, whose beliefs and behaviours could influence how the classroom context is shaped.

Can be thought of as shared patterns of ways of thinking, feeling, and reacting to various situations and actions.

The set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional features of a society or a social group. Culture encompasses art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions, behaviours, and beliefs.

Culture is all of the tools used to use them with all kinds of values created in the process of historical and social development, to pass them on to subsequent generations, showing the measure of human sovereignty to its natural and social environment.

It is a set of shared values, beliefs, and behaviours that are practiced, learned, and shared by a group of people.

A repository of meanings that can be drawn on by people as they define meaningful ways of living.

The total of the inherited ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge, which constitute the shared bases of social action.

Culture is a central concept of human life for which a nearly unmanageable amount of definitions exists in literature, ranging from very wide views (Tayeb, 2000, p. 311) to more specific ones as provided by Newman & Nollen. However, as focusing on Hofstede and his 5-D Model in this book chapter, in the work presented here, we use Hofstede’s definition, who sees culture as “the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another” (Hostede, 2002, p. 9). The basis of his definition of culture is a pyramid of mental programming. This construct divides culture into three levels. The base of the pyramid is human nature, i.e. what is inherent to all humans. It is universal. Culture forms the second layer, which is something that is learned — akin to “mental programming” — and therefore is not universal, but specific for a certain group or category. Each individual’s personality constitutes the pyramid’s top. Personality is partially learned as well as partially inherited. In other words, it is influenced by both of the lower layers. Analogous to IT, human nature is the operating system, which determines the physical and psychical functions of a human being. Culture then is determined as the software learned in one’s social environment, which determines how for example, the emotion “fear” is expressed properly in a given socio-cultural context. Summarizing this, in general culture influences people’s thought patterns. These patterns are reflected in the meaning humans attach to various aspects of life and which are solidified in the institutions of a society. However, this does not imply that every individual of a particular society is programmed in the same mode. For that reason, statements about culture may not be seen as invariably true. Rather, they are general and relative and not assignable to every individual of a culture the same way.

Patterns of norms, values, practices, beliefs, and assumptions that shape the behavior of individuals and groups ( Peterson & Spencer, 1991 ; Kuh & Whitt, 1988 ).

The objects, symbols, worldviews, expectations for behavior, and practices that people in a society use to make sense of situations and their interactions with others.

It refers to the summative influence of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, and attitudes acquired by a group of people in the due course of time.

Means language, norms, habits, food, and behavior that is unique for a specific group of people and it is usually passed on from one generation to the next.

Values and norms that form the bases of what is important for individuals in society.

Is a collective mindset of members of a community that distinguishes from members of other communities.

The shared languages, customs, beliefs, values, knowledge, and arts of a social group or community of people.

The knowledge, beliefs, experience, artifacts, way of life that a group of people acquire and pass on from one generation to the other.

The culture that creates a sense of belongingness by directing the attitudes and behaviors of the individual is also an important element in the transfer of the social memory to the new generations as a means of transference. This content is the reflection of the general who determines the attitudes and behaviors of the individual as part of the social structure.

A particular way of life, whether of a people, a period, or a group. It includes the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity.

Can be conceived as software, for the mind, that includes considerations at the individual level, tactical (operational) level, and strategic (policy) level. As sofware, it creates opportunities for people in the organization to challenge hidden assumptions and convey their perspectives.

One of the earliest and most widely cited definitions of culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of society” (Tylor, 1871, p.1).

This is the medium or man-made surviving environment for growing bacteria or pathogen of interest.

Customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization

Culture is a way of life. It is an expression of finer aspects of the lifestyle of a group which refers to the patterns of thought and behavior of people. It also includes values, beliefs, rules of conduct, and patterns of social, political, and economic organizations. These are passed on from one generation to the next by formal as well as informal processes.

The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. The characteristic features of everyday existence (such as diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time.

Shared beliefs, values, symbols, and material artefacts.

A set of tools to understand and interpret the world and to decide how to act and react. It includes values, beliefs, ideas, action patterns, political and religious options, traditions, habits and artistic expression, among other issues.

“Culture is the shared knowledge and schemes created by a set of people for perceiving, interpreting, expressing, and responding to the social realities around them” ( Lederach, 1995 , p. 9). In academe, shared knowledge and schemes include understandings of institutional policies, institutional practices, professional responsibilities, productivity expectations, research practices, publication practices, teaching practices, grant seeking practices, institutional history, and proper chain of command.

Is a way of life of a group of people--their behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept and live by that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.

Is a social pattern that is heritage within a society. It determines what is important and unimportant, right, and wrong, acceptable, and unacceptable. Culture includes explicit and tacit values, norms, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and assumptions.

Attitudes, values that are malleable over time, context-dependent and define practices.

“The way in which variables like ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, class, religion, political affiliation, physical and mental abilities, and geographic location, intermingle to influence the values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices of people” (Kohli et al., 2010, p. 3).

Culture is the whole way of life of a society. They are patterns of emotions, thoughts, and movements of society.

A tool kit for understanding actions and meanings.

Is a social pattern that is heritage within a society. It determines what is important and unimportant, right, and wrong, acceptable, and unacceptable. Culture includes explicit and tacit values, norms, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and assumptions.

A set of discernible assumptions, attitudes, conceptualizations, and values possessed by members of a specific group that is transmitted through socialization and communication involving key symbols, narratives, stories, and a recalled past.

Is the beliefs, norms, traditions, and values of a society.

is characterized as the degree to which people share attributes, values, beliefs and behaviors.

Patterns of a social organisation and behaviours regarded to be ‘appropriate’ and ‘natural’ in that organisation.

The shared attitudes, beliefs, practices and values that characterize a group.

Set of experiences, learned things, values, knowledge, traditions, acquired through interaction, the environment, and personal experiences.

Culture is a word for the 'way of life' of groups of people, meaning the way they do things. It is an integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behaviour, the outlook, attitudes, values, morals, goals, and customs shared by a society. Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities and habits of the individuals in these groups.

The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.

Learned and shared behavior of a society; its ways of life and ways of looking at the world.

Customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; a stable set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization.

Sets of social relationships, values, patterns of thinking, communicating and behaving that reflect ideas and actions established and accepted by one group of people as habitual, appropriate, or traditional.

A multi-dimensional and complex structure which is dynamic, multi-faceted, embedded in context, influenced by social, economic, and political factors. Culture is created and socially constructed. It is learned and embodies values grown out of historical and social conditions.

Culture is the background set of assumptions and values that structure our existence and orient us through the events of our lives.

Culture is the collective similarities in thinking, communicating, and behaving shared by a group of people. It is the operating system of one group of people to make them different from other cultural groups.

Social context into which one is born and raised.

The customs, arts, symbols, attitudes, beliefs, values, norms, etc. of a group.

The background and upbringing that identifies you as a member of a group.

The work climate which emerges from the social behavior and norms within the organization; directly impacts loyalty to organization and workers assistance; established by the attitudes and behaviors of leaders especially those at the top and those to whom workers directly report.

A collection of shared beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and assumptions shared by members of the organization used to guide behavior and assist in motivation.

The sum of the language, customs, beliefs, and art considered characteristic of a particular group of people.

The dominant norms of socio-religious, political, historical, linguistical, and lifestyle prevailing over ay community and affecting it existence.

The habitual beliefs, social forms, and material features of a racial, religious, or social group, also the characteristic features of everyday existence (such as entertainment or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time

Culture refers to “the sum total of ways of living, including values, beliefs, aesthetic standards, linguistic expression, patterns of thinking, behavioral norms, and styles of communication” (Powell, 1997c, p. 15) developed by a particular group of people.

Learned and shared patterns in behaviors and beliefs that creates identity for those in the group but also serves to distinguish them from other groups.

The unconscious and constantly evolving set of personal characteristics that differentiate a person from a certain social group from another.

A complex term with different meanings discussed in the chapter, but mostly referring to the context(s) in which people live and grow.

The values and beliefs within an organisation.

The ever-changing values, traditions, special and political relationships, and worldview created, shared, and transformed by a group of people bound together by a combination of factors such as, a common history, geographic location, language, social class, and religion.

Culture, which is the cornerstone of the societies, is what they have and learn in the historical process. Culture contains traditions, social doctrines, values, and precepts.

It refers to the peculiar behavior, traditions, and lifestyles of nations or communities. This element, which is frequently used in migration films, emphasizes the diversity of communities from different diasporas living in the same country.

Culture entails the beliefs, customs, norms arts and other elements that give identity to a particular society or group of people. According to Khatoon (2021) AU45: The in-text citation "Khatoon (2021)" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. , culture is a heritage that is often transmitted from generations to successive generations. Culture is an all-compassing term which incorporates the worldview, behaviour, and other capabilities.

A set of values, norms, and ethics shared by a group of people. It distinguishes one group from another.

The beliefs, behaviors, social norms, shared traditions, and values of a racial, religious or social group.

Culture is term encompassing the factors that are formed, changed, contributed to, improved, and handed down to the next generations, by the members of a society, and it makes societies different from each other.

The attitudes and behavior characteristic of an organization or group.

The complex whole which includes custom and pattern of behavior with belief, morals, and sense of values acquired by man as a member of society.